Table 8. Interpersonal Factors Quotations.

Quotation	Participant	Theme
But now that she is pregnant she is attending antenatal clinic every now and then without the man’s support. Looks like the man never cared about the girl and the baby… I told my daughter, “I am here for you. I will look after you up till the time you want to deliver and I will take you to the hospital.” … It is a must that she goes to the hospital. Like I mentioned before, with childbirth it often occurs that the child is dead and the mother is alive, or vice versa…So I take her to the clinic myself.	IDI: Fatherof Case Study	Familial Support
Interviewer: Do you live with your husband or with your parents?Respondent: I am living with my husband and his family. Interviewer: Did your mum come with you to the hospital? Respondent: I have to come down all the way from where I lived, collected my mum and she accompanied me to the hospital. My husband’s family never bothered to take me or accompany me to the hospital so my mum sent word for me to come so she can take me to the hospital.	IDI: Pregnantwoman, 19,1st pregnancy	Familial Support
…if some husband are smart enough they can find transport to bring you to the hospital. But some husbands are slack and they are always full of resentment and jealousy and they forget about you. I was living at my husband’s village and he was mistreating me so I went to go back and stay at my village and give birth there.	IDI: Pregnantwoman, 45,5 children	Familial Support
When they come to the clinic, we usually ask the mothers: ‘Are you ok?’ and the majority just say, ‘I’m ok.’ Most don’t have the courage to tell us if they have a problem. There was one case last week. She came and then I could see that she was not happy and also she had some discharge but she didn’t tell me. When I asked her how she was she just said, ‘I’m ok.’ I told her to lie on the bed and when I tried to get the fundal height, I saw that her panty was very wet with discharge. So I asked about it and she said that she has been experiencing this. So some are not well but they don’t admit it.	IDI: Nurse,Modilon ANC	Relationship with Health Care Providers
Yes, I sometimes I would go and sometimes not as I’ll be scared of the sisters because I haven’t attended clinic. If I go and some kind of problems arise say, they’d get cross at me so I’d be scared to go for fear that they might say that ‘you haven’t being coming for clinics, why is that you don’t come for clinic and now you’re coming because you have this problem!?’	IDI: Pregnantwoman, 31years old, 5children	Relationship with Health Care Providers
I think we can get ashamed in front of the Sisters at the hospital if we aren’t they were not consistent with their attendance.	IDI: womanwith baby,40, 12 children	Relationship with Health Care Providers
I got pregnant when my first baby was still too small and that made me feel a little reluctant to go to the clinic. I was a little ashamed of myself.	IDI: womanwith baby,22, 2 children	Disclosure
Some of the people they did not plan to get married, they are just friends and laze around together and later they find out that the woman is pregnant. The majority of these women do not go to the clinic because they did it secretly and now they are pregnant. They feel shy to go to the clinic because the other mothers who are pregnant have husbands and they also go to the clinic. You know the mothers, while sitting down and waiting for the clinic they will start to make comments, ‘That woman used to roam around and show off now she is here at the clinic.’ These are some of the comments that people say.	IDI: womanwith baby,25, 2 children	Disclosure
Interviewer: Why were you feeling shy to go for clinic? Respondent: I was shy because if I go the mothers might talk about me; that this girl is too young or that kind of thing they’d say to me thus, I was feeling shy.	IDI: pregnantwoman, 19,first pregnancy	Disclosure
I didn’t see my period for a month so I went to stay with my husband… I was ashamed of telling them [my parents]…But he wasn’t happy because he wanted to get another wife. He brought me to his house but then he went and brought another woman to the house and so I ran away. I went to stay at my parent’s house but my father removed me from the house… I was pregnant already so they told me to go back and live with him at his house… They said that they wanted me to stay with my husband and they didn’t want me to stay with them that will only result in me having a fatherless child. So I came to live with my cousin but she gossiped about me and her husband removed me from the house… I was living with her for three weeks now and she hasn’t been good to me…So now I am staying with some Sepiks [ethnic group]… If it is a girl I would give it to the Sepiks because they said that they wanted a daughter… I will deliver the baby and I will give it whoever who wants a child and I will go back by myself… My sister told me that I should go back to the village with the child. However I said that I couldn’t go back because my parents will get angry and they would not want my child. When CS23 gave birth, she stayed in Madang to breastfeed for two weeks, left her baby with the woman she was staying with and returned home to her parents.	Case study 23 is fromManam Island.She is nowliving in Madang.She comesfrom a family of six andshe is thethird born child inthe family. At the time ofdatacollection shewas 16 years oldand was sevenmonths pregnant.	Disclosure
Interviewer: Why didn’t you tell your family that you were pregnant? Respondent: I didn’t want people to talk a lot [about me] so I didn’t tell them.	IDI: pregnantwoman, 29,2 children	Disclosure
All sorts of problems can arise [during pregnancy and delivery] because the parents do not agree with you marrying a certain man but you disobey to go marry the guy anyways. Later you face the consequence. If I have a miscarriage I will say ‘My parents must have cast a curse on me and that’s why I miscarriage.’ So then I must go and apologize to my parents so that they can reunite with me. We will mix gorgor [a ginger root plant] with water and wash with it and drink the water. So then the foetus will grow mature inside and you will be able to give birth well.	IDI: womanwith baby, 26,2 children	Disclosure
For [my second baby] I did not go down to the hospital quickly because there was some conflict between me and my husband and I have cursed myself that I will die when giving birth. After the curse, the baby turned itself upside down. The nurses then told my father in-law: ‘the baby is sleeping upside down so you have to go and talk to her to at least solve her problem.’ So he came home in the afternoon and he asked me about the problem and I lied to him, saying that I am just fine. I did not want to talk to him because I had made up my mind that I was going to die.	Case Study#7, 25,2 children	Spite
I was offended and feeling depressed so I made up my mind not to go to the clinic for check-up but to just stay in the village. I promised not to go for check-up.	IDI: pregnantwoman, 45,5 children	Spite
They don’t want to come to the health center. They want to deliver at home because they are not happy with their husbands. They said enough ‘three, four, children is enough.’ But you know the husbands’ mentality; they want to have another one and another one. That’s why the wives are really fed up. We had one last week in here [for delivery]. She had never attended any antenatal clinic and so when she came I asked, ‘Did you come for antenatal clinic?’ and she said ‘No.’ I said ‘why?’ She said ‘I’m fed up with my husband. Seven children is enough. I don’t want number eight but now I have number eight so let me just stay like this and then you know I die. Let me deliver at home and let me die.’ Sometimes they are angry with their husbands, and they do that.”	IDI: Sister inCharge (head nurse),Mugil clinic	Spite