FIG. 2.

PDI and ER (patho)physiology confer a novel dimension to Nox NADPH oxidase/ROS signaling. The mechanisms involved in these connections have been discussed throughout the text, whereas here we highlight: calcium signaling convergence with Nox(es), RhoGTPase convergence with PDI, and Nox(es) and PTP1B convergence with Nox4. PDI, protein disulfide isomerase; ROS, reactive oxygen species. To see this illustration in color, the reader is referred to the web version of this article at www.liebertpub.com/ars