Table 3.
Mechanisms and Genes Implicated in Microvascular Disease
| Complications of Diabetes | Mechanisms and Genes | Polymorphism (if applicable) | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetic retinopathy (South Indians) | Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) gene | 18 cytosine-adenine repeat genotype | 124 |
| Aldose reductase (ALR2) gene | Z+2 allele | 127 | |
| Inductible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene | 13-repeat (CCTTT) genotype | 127 | |
| Tumor necrosis factor β (TNFβ) gene | 15-repeat (GT) genotype | 127 | |
| Diabetic nephropathy | Angiotensinogen | Met235Thr SNP | 128 |
| Aldosterone synthase | T>C (-344) SNP | 128 | |
| Chymase | G>A (-1903) SNP | 128 | |
| Angiotensin receptor II, type 1 (AGTR1) | rs5186 SNP | 137 | |
| Dopamine receptor-2 (DRD2) | 141 ins/del C and G>A SNPs | 140 | |
| Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) | 900 ins/del C SNP | 140 | |
| Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) | rs3917887 SNP | 139 | |
| Chemokine receptor-5 (CCR5) | 59029 G>A SNP | 138–139 | |
| Matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) | rs17576 SNP | 139 | |
| Carnosine dipeptidase 1 (CNDP1) | 5/5 homozygous genotype (lower frequency) | 143 | |
| Receptor for advanced glycation end- products (RAGE) | -429 T>C SNP | 142 | |
| Glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2 (GFPT2) | rs7725 (C>T SNP in 3′ UTR) | 142 | |
| Acetyl-coenzymeA carboxylase beta (ACACβ) | rs2268388 SNP | 137 | |
| In South Indians | |||
| Superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) | Wild-type allele (Ala9Val) | 141 | |
| Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) | -112 T>G and Ala64Thr SNPs | 141 | |
| Endothelial nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) | Glu298Asp SNP | 141 | |
| Glutathione-S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) | Ile105Val | 141 | |
| In North Indians | |||
| Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) | -460 T>C SNP | 141 | |
| Paraoxonase1 (PON1) | Arg192Gly SNP | 141 | |
| Interleukein-8 (IL-8) | rs4073 SNP | 139 | |
| Chemokine receptor-5 (CCR5) | DD polymorphism | 139 | |
| Diabetic neuropathy | Not well studied | ||