Table 1.
S. no. | Flavonoids | Activation (↑), deactivation (↓) | Signalling pathways | Cell line | Response | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
01 | ECG | ↓ | P38 | HaCaT keratinocytes, endothelial, rat primary hepatocytes, Chinese hamster lung fibroblast (V79-4) cells, BV2 microglial cells, neuronal cells | Prevent apoptosis, oxidative stress, and endothelial barrier dysfunction, as neuroprotective, for treatment of chronic pain and neuroinflammatory diseases, improve cognitive function, and mitochondrial functions | Choi et al. (2005), Huang et al. (2007), Yang et al. (2010), Hwang and Yen (2009), Huang et al. (2013), Meottia et al. (2007), Park et al. (2011), Liu et al. (2012) |
EGCG | ↓ | |||||
Quercetin | ↓ | |||||
Hesperetin | ↓ | |||||
Luteolin | ↓ | |||||
Myricitrin | ↓ | |||||
Myricetin | ↓ | |||||
Kaempferol | ↓ | |||||
Pinocembrin | ↓ | |||||
Narirutin | ↓ | |||||
02 | ECG | ↓ | JNK | HaCaT keratinocytes, endothelial, neuronal, Chinese hamster lung fibroblast (V79-4) cells, BV2 microglial cells | Prevent oxidative stress and apoptosis, neuroprotective, for treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases | Huang et al. (2007), Choi et al. (2005), Hwang and Yen (2009), Park et al. (2011) |
EGCG | ↓ | |||||
Quercetin | ↓ | |||||
Hesperetin | ↓ | |||||
Myricetin | ↓ | |||||
Kaempferol | ↓ | |||||
03 | EC | ↑ | ERK1/2 | Neuronal, HaCaT keratinocytes, endothelial cells | Improve brain function, prevent oxidative stress, apoptosis | Schroeter et al. (2007), Huang et al. (2007), Choi et al. (2005) |
ECG | ↑ | |||||
EGCG | ↑ | |||||
04 | EC | ↑ | Akt/PKB | Neuronal, epithelial, (MCF10A, pancreatic, Chinese hamster lung fibroblast (V79-4) cells PAECs, MC3T3-E1 | Improve brain function, antioxidant defence, neuroprotective, prevent oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, stimulate eNOS activity, antidiabetic, regulate mitochondrial function | Schroeter et al. (2007), Na et al. (2008), Hwang and Yen (2009), Fu et al. (2010), Vauzour et al. (2007), Yang et al. (2010), Zhanga and Liu (2011), Choi (2011) |
EGCG | ↑ | |||||
Hesperetin | ↑ | |||||
Myricetin | ↑ | |||||
Genistein | ↑ | |||||
Kaempferol | ↑ | |||||
05 | EGCG | ↑ | PKC | Brain cell | Neuroprotective | Levites et al. (2002) |
06 | EGCG | ↑ | PI3K | Brain cell, Chinese hamster lung fibroblast (V79-4) cells, PC12, endothelial, PAECs | Neuroprotective, prevents oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, protect oxidative damage, stimulate eNOS activity, promote the activity of eNOS | Levites et al. (2002), Luo et al. (2012), Xi et al. (2012), Yang et al. (2010), Zheng et al. (2012) |
Quercetin | ↑ | |||||
Myricetin | ↑ | |||||
Genistein | ↑ | |||||
Kaempferol | ↑ | |||||
Naringenin | ↑ |
MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase, Akt/PKB protein kinase B, ERK extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase, JNK c-Jun N-terminal kinase, PI3K phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase, PKC protein kinase C, EC (−)epicatechin, ECG (−)-epicatechin-3-gallate, EGCG (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, PAECs porcine aortic endothelial cells, Nrf2 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2