Prenatal: maternal stress, holocaust exposure |
137 adults, 74% reported parental holocaust exposure. Remainder considered unexposed controls |
Middle-aged men and women |
Psychosis, bipolar disorder, substance dependence |
↑ Reported use of medications, including psychotropic, antihypertensives, dyslipidemia medication |
Flory et al. (67) |
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Organic mental disorder |
↑ Association with having two or more metabolic syndrome components, e.g., T2DM, hypertension, dyslipidemia or increased BMI |
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Dementia; oral corticosteroids |
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Prenatal: maternal stress, psychosocial |
58 offspring, of whom 36 exposed to maternal stress. Remaining 22 considered unexposed controls |
Young adults |
Pregnancy complication Smoker Acute or chronic health problems |
↑ BMI |
Entringer et al. (62) |
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↑ Very low-density lipoprotein (138%) |
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↓ High-density lipoprotein (16%) and low-density lipoprotein (33%) |
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OGTT: offspring of mothers whom experienced psychosocial stress compared to control |
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↑ Fasting plasma insulin levels (58%) |
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↑ Plasma insulin 2-h post-oral glucose load (59%) |
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↑ C-peptide 2-h post-oral glucose load (40%) |
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Prenatal: maternal stress, natural disaster exposure |
111 Women pregnant during or conceived within 3 months of the Quebec ice storm |
Children, 5.5 years of age |
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↑ Obesity risk of offspring at 5.5 years old, associated with severity of objective maternal stress |
Dancause et al. (68) |
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Controlled for SES, pregnancy complications, breastfeeding, smoking, psychological function, and BMI |
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Prenatal: maternal stress, natural disaster exposure |
176 women pregnant during or conceived within 1 month of 1998 Quebec ice storm and their children |
Children, mean age 13.5 years |
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Objective hardship positively correlated with insulin secretion (P < 0.01) and BMI (P < 0.02) |
Dancause et al. (69) |
Prenatal: maternal stress, bereavement |
1,878,246 people, of whom 45,302 were exposed to stress. Remaining considered unexposed controls |
Offspring followed for 2–32 years |
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↑ Risk for T2DM Second trimester identified as the most sensitive |
Li et al. (60) |
Prenatal and postnatal: maternal stress, famine |
741 people born in Amsterdam before, during or after Dutch famine |
Middle-aged men and women |
Missing birth records |
↑ Bodyweight, BMI and waist circumference in women 50 years of age exposed to early gestation famine vs. non-exposed controls |
Ravelli et al. (70) |
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Preterm birth (<37 weeks) |
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Deceased |
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Emigrated |
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Prenatal and postnatal: maternal stress, famine |
702 people born in Amsterdam before, during or after Dutch famine |
Middle-aged men and women |
Missing birth records |
OGTT: offspring exposed to famine compared to control |
Ravelli et al. (63) |
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Preterm birth (<37 weeks) |
↑ Fasting proinsulin levels and 2-h glucose concentrations |
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Diabetes |
More pronounced if famine occurred during late gestation or with later life obesity |
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Deceased |
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Emigrated |
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Prenatal and postnatal: maternal perceived stress |
152 women surveyed during pregnancy/first year of offspring life, predominantly low-income population |
Infants |
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↑ Risk of infant being overweight (P = 0.020) |
Watt et al. (71) |
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Correlation with consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (P = 0.004) and with feeding infants sugar-sweetened beverages (P = 0.031) |
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Prenatal and postnatal: maternal stress, depression |
1249 women, depressive symptoms assessed during pregnancy and postpartum |
Children 3 years of age |
Multiple gestation |
Antenatal depression |
Ertel et al. (72) |
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Issues with English |
Smaller body size |
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Move prior to delivery |
↑ Central adiposity |
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Gestational age greater than 22 weeks at first prenatal visit |
Postpartum depression |
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↑ Overall adiposity |
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Independent of SES, BMI, and health condition during pregnancy |
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Postnatal: childhood stress, death of a parent |
135 bariatric surgery candidates |
Middle-aged men and women |
Substance abuse |
↑ Risk of metabolic syndrome following childhood parental loss (P = 0.012) |
Alciati et al. (73) |
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Severe personality disorder |
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Mental retardation |
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Postnatal: maternal stress (mental, physical, financial family structure) and altered food security |
841 Children across 425 low-income households |
Children, 3–17 years old |
Households above 200% of poverty line |
↑ Risk of offspring 3–10 years old being overweight or obese in food secure environments compared to periods of food insecurity (43.7%) |
Gundersen et al. (74) |
Postnatal: childhood maltreatment |
67,853 women in Nurses Health Study II |
25–42 |
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Dose–response association between child physical and sexual abuse with adult T2DM. Hazard ratio for diabetes in child exposed to mild, moderate and severe are 1.03, 1.26 and 1.54 respectively |
Rich-Edwards et al. (75) |
Postnatal: childhood maltreatment |
n = 972, born in between April 1972 and March 1973 |
32 years |
Individuals with plasma c-reactive protein >10 mg/l |
↑ Inflammation assessed by c-reactive protein |
Danese et al. (76) |
Postnatal: childhood maltreatment |
342 from study of women health across the nation (SWAN) |
45.7 year (mean age) |
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Physical abuse was associated with increased plasma triglyceride and blood pressure |
Midei et al. (77) |
Postnatal: childhood maltreatment |
756 from population based study |
Young adult (19–20 years) |
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↑ BMI in those exposed to neglect during childhood |
Lissau and Sorensen (78) |
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Odds ratio 9.8 CI 1.35–28.2 |
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Postnatal: childhood maltreatment |
9310 of 1958 British birth cohort |
45 years |
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↑ BMI |
Thomas et al. (79) |
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↑ HbA1C ≥6 |
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↑ Central obesity |
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