Figure 4.

Evolution of the pharyngeal feeding apparatus, mouth position and diet in Poropuntiini and Labeonini. From the phylogeny (electronic supplementary material, figure S3), we plotted all the characters that we found specifically in Labeonini: (L1) ventrally located mouth; (L2) low pharyngeal cavity; (L3) pharyngeal teeth of each arch arranged in compact pavements; (L4) robust and perpendicular FCB; as well as the diet mainly composed of plankton, periphyton, algae and detritus. These characters are all present in two subtribes within Labeonini: Labeoina and Osteochilina. The only characters present in all Labeonini are the ventral mouth and the diet. Moreover, two genera in Poropuntiini, Sikukia and Amblyrhinchichthys, have independently acquired labeonine-like characters.