Table 1.

Descriptive statistics for student-reported risk and protective factors in Victoria and Washington State at the first survey (n =1,839 Victoria, n = 1,838 Washington State).

First survey risk and protective factors	Victoria Mean (SD)	Washington Mean (SD)
Individual risk factor
Favourable peer attitudes to antisocial behaviour (e.g., “How wrong do you think it is for someone your age to take a weapon to school?”; No. of items = 5)	1.56 (0.56)*	1.44 (0.48)
Cronbach's alpha .79 - .83
Family risk factors
Poor family management (e.g., “The rules in my family are clear”, reverse scored; No. of items = 9)	1.77 (0.51)*	1.69 (0.53)
Cronbach's alpha .77 - .81
Family conflict (e.g., “People in my family often insult or yell at each other”; No. of items = 3)	2.25 (0.77)	2.27 (0.77)
Cronbach's alpha .77 - .81
Family protective factor
Opportunities for prosocial involvement (e.g., “My parents ask me what I think before most family decisions affecting me are made”; No. of items = 3)	3.09 (0.69)	3.07 (0.73)
Cronbach's alpha .71 - .76
School risk factor
Low commitment to school (e.g., “How often do you feel that the schoolwork you are assigned is meaningful and important?”; No. of items = 7)	2.23 (0.61)	2.22 (0.58)
Cronbach's alpha .69 - .74
School protective factor
Opportunities for prosocial involvement (e.g., “I have lots of chances to be part of class discussions or activities”; No. of items = 5)	2.98 (0.45)	3.04 (0.41)*
Cronbach's alpha .49 - .60
	Victoria %	Washington %
Individual risk factors
Current alcohol use	42.1***	18.1
Current tobacco use	13.6***	6.9
Current cannabis use	3.8	9.0***
Association with antisocial friends	40.1	46.3***
Social response risk factor
School suspension	8.2	11.0**

Note. Risk and protective factors are generally scored on a 4-point scale.

^*p < .005 (Bonferroni adjustment) state differences using (unadjusted) independent samples t-test

^**p < .01 and

^***p < .001 are the results of chi-square tests comparing dichotomous measures across the two states.