Table 1.

ACE gene-targeted mice

Strain name	ACE promoter	Target tissues	BP	Phenotype
ACE 1/1 (ACE null) [15]	Normal ACE promoter but gene inactivated by intragenic neo cassette	No tissues express ACE	Very low	Renal medullary expansion. Inability to concentrate urine. Male infertility. Anemia
ACE 3/3 [16]	Albumin promoter	Hepatocytes. Normal circulating ACE. 14% normal renal ACE	Normal	None
ACE 8/8 [17]	α-Myosin heavy chain promoter	Cardiac myocytes. Low circulating ACE. No renal ACE	Low (nearly normal)	Early death due to cardiac arrhythmias. Normal renal phenotype
ACE 9/9 [18]	Kidney specific cadherin promoter	Renal tubular epithelium	Low	Renal phenotype was similar but milder than ACE null mouse
ACE 10/10 [19]	c-fms promoter	Myelomonocytic cells. Normal circulating ACE. No renal ACE	Normal	Normal renal phenotype. Enhanced immune response

ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; BP, blood pressure. These mice were created by targeted homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. ACE expression is determined by the ability of individual tissues to use the promoter positioned to control tissue and temporal activity of the ACE gene.