TABLE 1.
Pertinent Landmarks for Cephalometric Analysis and Cephalometric Measurements and Related Units
| Symbol | Name and Definition | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Go | Gonion: a point midway between points defining angles of the mandible | ||||||||||||
| Gn | Gnathion: most convex point located at the symphysis of the mandible | ||||||||||||
| ALV | Alveolare: midline of alveolar process of the upper jaw, at incisor-alveolar junction | ||||||||||||
| LIB | Lower incisor base: midline of anterior border of alveolar process of mandible at the incisor-alveolar junction | ||||||||||||
| PA | Parietale: most superior aspect of skull in the midline, (formed by nuchal crest of occipital bone and parietal bone) | ||||||||||||
| PRN | Pronasale: bony landmark representing anterior limit of nasal bone | ||||||||||||
| ZY | Zygion: most lateral point of malar bone | ||||||||||||
| OCC | Occipital region: midpoint between the occipital condyles | ||||||||||||
| B. Cephalometric Measurements and Related Units | |||||||||||||
| Measure | ZY-ZY | PA-PRN | Go-Gn | Go-LIB | PA-ALV | LIB-ALV | Overbite | Overjet | OCC-PRN | LIB-PA-ALV | PA-PRN-ALV | PA-PRN-LIB | ALV-PRN-LIB |
| Units | mm | mm | mm | Mm | mm | mm | mm | mm | mm | degrees | degrees | degrees | degrees |