Table 4.

Summary of multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression analyses for associations between school suspension and student and school level factors

	Null	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
Covariates		OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Male		2.89 (2.21-3.80)***	2.32 (1.72-3.13)***	2.74 (2.10-3.58)***	2.25 (1.67-3.02)***
Student level factors
Welfare			1.50 (1.11-2.01)**		1.34 (1.00-1.80)
Parents’ low ed.			1.51 (1.05-2.17)*		1.29 (.90-1.84)
Antisocial behavior			2.56 (1.89-3.46)***		2.50 (1.85-3.38)***
Violent behavior			3.00 (2.08-4.32)***		2.87 (2.00-4.12)***
Transitions/mobility			1.05 (.87-1.32)		1.04 (.85-1.28)
Low school commitment			1.23 (.86-1.30)		1.20 (.92-1.55)
Rebelliousness			1.57 (1.23-2.00)***		1.48 (1.16-1.89)**
Academic failure			2.31 (1.84-2.90)***		2.30 (1.84-2.88)***
School level factors
Low school SES				1.03 (1.02-1.04)***	1.02 (1.01-1.03)***
School type (other)				1.40 (.81-2.43)	1.56 (.86-2.81)
Low school commitment				7.31 (3.00-17.84)***	2.88 (1.05-7.88)*
Teacher supportive relationships				.51 (.15-1.80)	.58 (.15-2.30)
σ2 Between	.74	.74	.49	.20	.22
df	2	5	13	10	18
−2LL	−973.16	−936.53	−762.68	−896.73	−741.37
AIC	1950.32	1883.06	1551.36	1813.45	1518.74
BIC	1962.41	1913.3	1629.68	1873.93	1627.59

Note. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; σ² = population variance; df = degrees of freedom; -2LL = likelihood ratio; AIC = Akaike’s information criterion; BIC = Bayesian information criterion.

^*p < .05;

^**p < .01;

^***p < .001.

State, age, and school size were included in the analyses but are not presented in Table 4 because they showed consistently statistically non-significant associations with school suspension.