Table 1.

Abecedarian Intervention, Males: Main Health Results, Biomedical Sweep. This table presents the inference and descriptive statistics of selected outcomes of the Abecedarian Intervention. The first column describes the outcome analyzed. The remaining six columns present the statistical analysis. The columns present the following information: (1) control mean; (2) treatment mean; (3) unconditional difference in means across treatment and control groups. We multiply the difference in means by (−1) when a higher value of the variable in the raw data represents a worse outcome so that all outcomes are normalized in a favorable direction (but are not restricted to be positive). (4) conditional treatment effect controlling for cohort, number of siblings, mother’s IQ and high-risk index at birth, and accounting for attrition using Inverse Probability Weighting (IPW). Probabilities of IPW are estimated using the following variables: prematurity (gestational age <37 weeks), a dichotomous indicator for not having an exam for illness or injury in the past two years at age 30, Achenbach DSM Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity (AD/H) problems scale at age 30, and Achenbach substance abuse scale at age 30. The selection of covariates for IPW is based on the lowest Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) among models examining all combinations of covariates that present statistically significant imbalance between attriters and non-attriters. See Supplementary Material Section C and Table S1 for details. (5) one-sided single hypothesis block permutation p-value associated with the IPW treatment effect estimate. By block permutation we mean that permutations are done within strata defined by the pre-program variables used in the randomization protocol: cohort, gender, number of siblings, mother’s IQ, and high-risk index. (6) Multiple Hypothesis stepdown p-values associated with (5). The multiple hypothesis testing is applied to blocks of outcomes. Blocks of variables that are tested jointly using the stepdown algorithm are delineated by horizontal lines. p -values ≤0.10 are in bold type. BMI: Body Mass Index; HbA1C: Glycosylated Hemoglobin; NCEP: National Cholesterol Education Program. See Table S11 for complete estimation results.

Variable	Control Mean	Treatment Mean	Difference in Means	Conditional Treatment Effect	Block p-value	Step-Down p-value
Blood Pressure
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)	92.000	78.526	13.474	19.220	0.024	0.024
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)	143.333	125.789	17.544	24.828	0.018	0.029
Pre-Hypertension (systolic bp ≥ 120 & diastolic bp ≥ 80)	0.667	0.421	0.246	0.321	0.119	0.172
Pre-Hypertension (systolic bp ≥ 120 or diastolic bp ≥ 80)	0.778	0.684	0.094	0.096	0.235	0.235
Hypertension (systolic bp ≥ 140 & diastolic bp ≥ 90)	0.444	0.105	0.339	0.537	0.010	0.018
Hypertension (systolic bp ≥ 140 or diastolic bp ≥ 90)	0.556	0.211	0.345	0.404	0.038	0.038
Lab Tests
High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol (mg/dL)	42.000	53.211	11.211	11.720	0.066	0.110
Dyslipidemia (HDL < 40 mg/dL)	0.417	0.106	0.311	0.255	0.179	0.179
Pre-Diabetes (HbA1C ≥ 5.7%)	0.583	0.473	0.110	0.043	0.426	0.426
Vitamin D Deficiency ( < 20 ng/mL)	0.750	0.368	0.382	0.435	0.021	0.021
Obesity
Overweight (BMI ≥ 25)	0.750	0.722	0.028	0.190	0.239	0.239
Obese (BMI ≥ 30)	0.625	0.556	0.069	0.211	0.233	0.345
Severely Obese (BMI ≥ 35)	0.375	0.111	0.264	0.404	0.115	0.232
Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR)	0.962	0.937	0.025	0.045	0.293	0.293
Abdominal Obesity (WHR > 0.9)	0.875	0.647	0.228	0.294	0.137	0.218
Multiple Risk Factors
Obesity & Hypertension	0.500	0.111	0.389	0.529	0.016	0.016
Severe Obesity & Hypertension	0.375	0.000	0.375	0.502	0.005	0.012
Hypertension & Dyslipidemia	0.333	0.000	0.333	0.435	0.006	0.012
Metabolic Syndrome (NCEP Definition)	0.250	0.000	0.250	0.465	0.007	0.014
Framingham Risk Score (35)	7.043	4.889	2.154	3.253	0.038	0.038