Table 2. Cognitive function data for the Exercise group and Social group at baseline (T0) and after 6 weeks (T1).
| Exercise group | Social group | Exercise vs. Social | |||||||||
| Cognitive function tests | Pre-measure (T0) (Mean ± SD) | Post-measure (T1) (Mean ± SD) | T0 - T1 (%) | N | Pre-measure (T0) (Mean ± SD) | Post-measure (T1) (Mean ± SD) | T0 - T1 (%) | N | d | U | p* |
| Domain: Global cognition | |||||||||||
| Mini Mental State Examination | 16.5±4.4 | 16.5±4.6 | 0% | 17 | 16.8±4.3 | 16.3±4.1 | −3% | 16 | 0.13 | 123.5 | .657 |
| Domain: Visual attention | |||||||||||
| Faces Recognition Test | 5.4±2.9 | 5.8±2.9 | +6% | 17 | 3.3±4.0 | 3.2±2.6 | −2% | 16 | 0.13 | 85.5 | .114 |
| Pictures Recognition Test | 8.8±7.7 | 10.7±6.9 | +22% | 17 | 10.1±6.9 | 8.8±7.8 | −13% | 16 | 0.46S | 90.0 | .165 |
| Visual Memory Span Forward | 4.6±1.7 | 5.3±1.5 | +15% | 17 | 4.6±1.3 | 4.3±1.6 | −6% | 16 | 0.68M | 67.5 | .022 |
| Domain: Verbal memory | |||||||||||
| Digit Span Test Forward | 8.9±3.2 | 9.8±2.1 | +10% | 17 | 8.4±2.8 | 8.9±2.4 | +5% | 16 | 0.17 | 118.5 | .503 |
| 8-Words Test – Direct-Recall | 14.5±7.3 | 15.1±6.7 | +4% | 17 | 12.8±8.1 | 13.2±7.4 | +4% | 16 | 0.01 | 126.0 | .970 |
| 8-Words Test - Recognition | 10.5±2.2 | 11.1±2.7 | +5% | 17 | 10.7±3.3 | 11.9±2.3 | +12% | 16 | −0.27 | 126.0 | .970 |
| Domain: Executive function | |||||||||||
| Verbal Fluency Test | 13.6±8.1 | 13.9±7.7 | +2% | 17 | 11.9±6.2 | 12.2±7.1 | +3% | 16 | 0.00 | 135.0 | .986 |
| Digit Span Test Backward | 5.7±2.1 | 6.4±1.9 | +12% | 17 | 4.3±2.2 | 4.6±1.6 | +8% | 15 | 0.21S | 112.5 | .576 |
| Picture Completion Test | 4.9±2.3 | 5.9±2.0 | +19% | 17 | 3.9±2.4 | 4.2±2.8 | +8% | 16 | 0.27S | 122 | .631 |
| Stroop Task | 28.9±12.7 | 24.9±12.5 | +13% | 15 | 23.8±11.8 | 22.4±8.6 | +6% | 11 | 0.23S | 75.5 | .721 |
| Visual Memory Span Backward | 3.7±2.0 | 3.9±1.5 | +5% | 17 | 2.8±1.8 | 2.9±1.4 | +4% | 16 | 0.03 | 109.0 | .502 |
Note: SD, Standard deviation; T0, Baseline; T1, 6-week posttest;
S
, small Cohen's d effect size;
M
, medium Cohen's d effect size;
*, Bonferroni corrected p-values were set at p < 0.05 for the domain global cognitive function, p<.017 for domain visual attention, p<.017 for domain verbal memory, and p<.010 for domain executive function.