Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants randomized across three interventions
| Intervention
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic or Variable | All | Leap Ahead | Computer-assisted self-management | Computer-assisted self- management and problem-solving | P* |
| N=392 | n=96 | n=150 | n=146 | ||
| Mean (SD) age, years | 56.11 (9.55) | 55.23 (10.88) | 56.96 (8.78) | 55.82 (9.36) | 0.34 |
| Gender: female, % | 53.8 | 59.4 | 48.0 | 56.2 | 0.17 |
| Race, % | 0.64 | ||||
| Amer Indian/Alaska Native | 0.8 | 0 | 1.3 | 0.7 | |
| Asian | 19.4 | 18.8 | 22.0 | 17.1 | |
| African-American | 16.6 | 24.0 | 11.3 | 17.1 | |
| Hispanic | 11.2 | 10.4 | 12.7 | 10.3 | |
| Pacific Islander | 1.8 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 2.7 | |
| White, non-Hispanic | 40.1 | 35.4 | 41.3 | 41.8 | |
| Multiple ethnicities | 5.9 | 6.3 | 4.7 | 6.8 | |
| Other | 4.3 | 4.2 | 5.3 | 3.4 | |
| Income, % | 0.44 | ||||
| < $49,999 | 31.3 | 34.3 | 32.0 | 28.8 | |
| $50,000-- $100,000 | 40.3 | 44.8 | 38.7 | 39.0 | |
| > $100,000 | 28.3 | 20.8 | 29.3 | 32.2 | |
| Education, % | 0.93 | ||||
| ≤High school level | 8.7 | 10.4 | 8.0 | 8.2 | |
| Technical school | 30.4 | 28.1 | 30.0 | 32.2 | |
| College | 61.0 | 61.5 | 62.0 | 59.6 | |
| Percent taking insulin | 17.9 | 19.8 | 15.3 | 19.2 | 0.59 |
| Mean (SD) years since diagnosis | 6.90 (5.93) | 7.60 (6.44) | 6.89 (6.04) | 6.46 (5.46) | 0.34 |
| Mean (SD) no. comorbidities/complications | 3.35 (2.58) | 3.55 (2.75) | 3.35 (2.62) | 3.21 (2.43) | 0.61 |
| Mean (SD) BMI, kg/m2 | 33.07 (7.78) | 33.25 (8.41) | 32.13 (7.17) | 33.93 (7.90) | 0.13 |
| Mean (SD) regimen distress score | 3.04 (1.19) | 3.17 (1.30) | 2.99 (1.08) | 3.02 (1.22) | 0.50 |
| Mean (SD) emotional burden score | 2.56 (1.18) | 2.65 (1.19) | 2.52 (1.72) | 2.53 (1.18) | 0.68 |
| Mean (SD) percent energy from fat | 31.42 (3.87) | 32.08 (4.21) | 31.46 (3.95) | 30.94 (3.50) | 0.08 |
| Low-intensity exercise, calories/week | 1401.67 (1073.80) | 1368.61 (1112.91) | 1508.55 (1017.33) | 1313.60 (1203.51) | 0.31 |
| Medication non-adherence | 1.20 (0.28) | 1.19 (0.27) | 1.18 (.23) | 1.23 (0.32) | 0.18 |
| Self-efficacy | 6.51 (1.60) | 6.50 (1.53) | 6.65 (1.57) | 6.37 (1.68) | 0.34 |
| Conscientiousness | 3.93 (0.78) | 3.87 (0.81) | 4.01 (0.73) | 3.90 (0.82) | 0.34 |
*
One-way ANOVA or chi-squared test, as appropriate.