Table 2.

Multilevel Logistic Regressions Examining Determinants of Counseling Use Among Urban and Suburban U.S. Adolescents with High Depressive Symptoms (N=1,133)

	Empty Model	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4		Model 5
		OR	95% CI	95% CI	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Individual-Level Variables
Age				1.02	0.90 1.16	1.02	0.90 1.17	1.02	0.90 1.16	1.02	0.89 1.16
Male				0.70	0.47 1.06	0.72	0.47 1.08	0.75	0.50 1.13	0.74	0.49 1.12
Hispanic§				0.43**	0.24 0.76	0.36***	0.20 0.67	0.37**	0.20 0.69	0.37**	0.20 0.69
Black§				0.54*	0.33 0.91	0.50*	0.29 0.87	0.52*	0.30 0.90	0.52*	0.30 0.90
Asian/PI§				0.27**	0.10 0.71	0.22**	0.08 0.59	0.24**	0.09 0.62	0.25**	0.09 0.65
Other Race/Ethnicity§				0.78	0.22 2.83	0.64	0.18 2.33	0.67	0.19 2.37	0.69	0.19 2.44
Lives with Both Biological Parents				0.48***	0.32 0.72	0.48***	0.32 0.72	0.50***	0.33 0.75	0.50***	0.33 0.74
Family income (Natural log)				1.16	0.91 1.48	1.13	0.88 1.45	1.14	0.90 1.46	1.14	0.90 1.46
Insured with Medicaid/Medicare±				0.60	0.32 1.13	0.63	0.34 1.19	0.62	0.33 1.16	0.62	0.33 1.16
Other Insurance±				0.51	0.16 1.64	0.54	0.17 1.72	0.56	0.17 1.82	0.57	0.18 1.82
Uninsured±				0.35**	0.17 0.69	0.35**	0.18 0.70	0.35**	0.17 0.69	0.34**	0.17 0.68
Depressive Symptoms‡				1.16	0.97 1.39	1.17	0.98 1.40	1.15	0.96 1.38	1.15	0.96 1.38
Any Suicidal Thoughts Past Year				1.12	0.71 1.76	1.13	0.72 1.78	1.10	0.70 1.73	1.09	0.69 1.72
Any Suicide Attempt Past Year				2.86***	1.65 4.96	2.79***	1.61 4.82	2.59***	1.49 4.49	2.64***	1.52 4.59
Moderate Alcohol Usea				1.11	0.70 1.77	1.11	0.70 1.77	1.09	0.68 1.74	1.09	0.68 1.73
Heavy Alcohol Usea				0.73	0.43 1.22	0.73	0.44 1.23	0.74	0.44 1.24	0.73	0.43 1.22
Illicit Drug Use Past 30 Days				1.48	0.95 2.32	1.39	0.89 2.17	1.37	0.88 2.14	1.40	0.90 2.19
Self-Rated Health Fair/Poor				1.40	0.89 2.19	1.48	0.94 2.31	1.45	0.93 2.28	1.46	0.93 2.30
Propensity to Seek Services in Alternative Settings
Any school counseling								1.97*	1.16 3.33	1.97*	1.16 3.33
Any counseling other setting								2.12	0.99 4.53	2.11	0.99 4.50
County-Level Variables
Affluence Index‡		1.35**	1.10 1.66			1.43**	1.15 1.79	1.42***	1.14 1.76	1.24	0.94 1.64
% Black Residents‡		0.91	0.73 1.12			1.04	0.82 1.33	1.06	0.83 1.34	1.00	0.78 1.28
% Hispanic Residents‡		0.76	0.58 1.00			1.05	0.77 1.44	1.03	0.76 1.40	1.04	0.77 1.41
Psychiatrists Per 100K‡										1.18	0.94 1.49
General and family physicians per 100K‡										1.01	0.84 1.23
Random Effects
Intra-class correlation (ρ)	0.084	0.042		0.078		0.045		0.033		0.030

Notes:

^*p<0.05,

^**p<0.01,

^***p<0.001

Omitted reference categories -

^§Non-Hispanic White;

^±Any Private Insurance;

^aNo Alcohol Use

^‡Variable standardized so that one unit increase equals a one standard deviation increase in measure