Table 3.
Prospective associations of social strain with elevated inflammation (N = 647).
| Family strain | Friend strain | Spouse strain | Total strain | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | BIC | OR (95% CI) | BIC | OR (95% CI) | BIC | OR (95% CI) | BIC | |
| C-reactive protein | ||||||||
| Age & sex adjusted | 1.39* (0.95–2.03) | 732.00 | 1.25 (0.78–1.99) | 733.89 | 1.18 (0.84–1.67) | 733.84 | 1.50 (0.90–2.50) | 732.34 |
| Fully adjusteda | 1.07 (0.71–1.61) | 718.43 | 1.07 (0.65–1.76) | 718.46 | 1.04 (0.71–1.51) | 718.49 | 1.10 (0.65–1.88) | 718.42 |
| Fibrinogen | ||||||||
| Age & sex adjusted | 1.58** (1.05–2.37) | 724.58 | 1.45 (0.84–2.51) | 728.32 | 1.25 (0.85–1.83) | 727.55 | 1.80* (0.99–3.24) | 724.22 |
| Fully adjusteda | 1.43* (0.94–2.18) | 775.42 | 1.35 (0.78–2.32) | 777.45 | 1.27 (0.86–1.89) | 775.99 | 1.66* (0.91–3.02) | 774.41 |
| IL-6 | ||||||||
| Age & sex adjusted | 1.62** (1.08–2.43) | 728.43 | 0.91 (0.56–1.48) | 734.09 | 1.01 (0.71–1.44) | 734.24 | 1.29 (0.75–2.19) | 733.35 |
| Fully adjusteda | 1.38 (0.91–2.09) | 761.57 | 0.84 (0.51–1.39) | 763.37 | 0.97 (0.67–1.39) | 763.83 | 1.09 (0.63–1.89) | 763.76 |
| E-selectin | ||||||||
| Age & sex adjusted | 1.67** (1.13–2.48) | 734.95 | 1.97*** (1.23–3.14) | 733.90 | 1.39* (0.99–1.94) | 738.41 | 2.29*** (1.37–3.84) | 731.89 |
| Fully adjusteda | 1.60** (1.04–2.44) | 782.99 | 1.88** (1.15–3.08) | 781.48 | 1.38* (0.99–1.94) | 784.85 | 2.17*** (1.26–3.72) | 780.03 |
| ICAM-1 | ||||||||
| Age & sex adjusted | 1.23 (0.80–1.89) | 735.52 | 1.21 (0.73–2.02) | 735.94 | 0.90 (0.62–1.30) | 736.22 | 1.13 (0.65–1.96) | 736.38 |
| Fully adjusteda | 1.07 (0.69–1.68) | 766.74 | 1.12 (0.67–1.87) | 766.66 | 0.86 (0.59–1.26) | 766.24 | 0.98 (0.56–1.72) | 766.85 |
| Inflammation Burden Index | ||||||||
| Age- and sex-adjusted | 1.77*** (1.30–2.40) | 1934.20 | 1.50** (1.04–2.16) | 1942.68 | 1.2 (0.93–1.57) | 1945.52 | 1.87*** (1.25–2.79) | 1938.04 |
| Fully-adjusteda | 1.44** (1.05–1.99) | 1878.22 | 1.32 (0.91–1.93) | 1881.18 | 1.14 (0.86–1.49) | 1882.45 | 1.52* (0.99–2.30) | 1879.43 |
***
p < 0.01,
**
p < 0.05,
*
p < 0.1; two-tailed test.
a
Controls for age, sex, SNS activity (creatinine-adjusted epinephrine and norepinephrine levels), household income, education, BMI, current smoking status, and medications.