Table 1.
XMRV studies in prostate cancer tissue and sera
| Study | XMRV? | Frequency | Methods |
|---|---|---|---|
| Urisman et al.3 | Yes | 8/19 (42%) using Virochip 9/86 (10%) by nested RT-PCR |
Virochip, nested RT-PCR, FISH, IHC |
| Schlaberg et al.8 | Yes | 14/233 (6%) cases, 2/101 (2%) controls by qPCR 54/233 (23%) cases, 4/101 (4%) controls by IHC |
qPCR, IHC |
| Arnold et al.9 | Yes | 11/40 (28%) with neutralizing antibody assay | Neutralizing antibody assay, nested PCR, FISH |
| Danielson et al.10 | Yes | 32/144 (22%) | Nested PCR |
| Sfanos et al.12 | No | 0/200 | Nested PCR |
| Fischer et al.13 | Rare, equal in controls | 1/105 cases (1%), 1/70 (1%) controls | Nested RT-PCR |
| D’Arcy et al.14 | No | 0/9 | RT-PCR |
| Hohn et al.15 | No | 0/589 with nested PCR/RT-PCR, 0/146 using ELISA | Nested PCR, nested RT-PCR, ELISA |
| Sakuma et al.16 | No* | 5/110 cases (5%), 1/40 (2.5%) controls by real-time PCR* 0/159 cases, 0/201 controls by neutralizing antibody assay |
Real-time PCR, IHC, neutralizing antibody assay |
| Switzer et al.17 | Rare/no | 3/162 (2%) with nested PCR 0/162 with Western blot |
Nested PCR, Western blot |
| Aloia et al.18 | No | 0/161 by real-time PCR 0/596 prostate cancer, 0/452 benign tissues by IHC |
Real-time PCR, IHC (2 antisera) |
| Martinez-Fierro et al.19 | Rare (control) | 0/55 cases, 1/75 (1%) controls | Nested PCR |
| Verhaegh et al.20 | Rare | 3/74 (4%) | Real-time PCR |
| Furuta et al.21 | Rare‡/no | 2/67 (3%) with immunoblot;‡ RT-PCR of immunoblot-positive plasma inconclusive‡ | Immunoblot, RT-PCR |
| Stieler et al.22 | Rare/no | 0/110 cases, 1/50 BPH (2%), 0/114 tumor and normal tissue TMA by IHC, 0/93 cases and 0/7 controls by nested PCR |
IHC, nested PCR, cell culture§ |
| Robinson et al.23 | No|| | 2/91 (2%)|| | Nested PCR |
*
Determined positive samples were due to laboratory contamination and nonspecific antibody binding. Positive PCR products were determined to be endogenous MLV sequences from mouse DNA contamination, not XMRV.
‡
Positive for Gag, negative for Env viral protein, one of the Immunoblot-positive patient’s sera was positive by RT-PCR, however the sequence did not contain the “XMRV-specific” 24 nt deletion, and additional PCR tests were negative.
§
Cell culture results inconclusive.
||
Positive PCR products were determined to be due to mouse DNA contamination of samples. Abbreviation: TMA, tissue microarray.