Table 2.
The in vivo effects of intradiscal injection treatments.
| Agent | Species | Site | Model | Dose per Disc | Effect | Author |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IGF-1 | Rat | Tail | Static compression | 8 ng/8 µl | Clustering of inner anulus cells after single injection | Walsh 200499 |
| GDF-5 | Rat | Tail | Static compression | 8 ng/8 µl | Clustering of cells, increase in disc height (single injection) | Walsh 200499 |
| TFG-β | Rat | Tail | Static compression | 1.6 ng/8 µl | Proliferation of cells (multiple injections) | Walsh 200499 |
| bFGF | Rat | Tail | Static compression | 8 ng/8 µl | No response | Walsh 200499 |
| OP-1 | Rabbit | Lumbar | None (normal) | 2 µg/10 µl | Increased disc height and PG content in NP | An 2005133 |
| OP-1 | Rabbit | Lumbar | C-ABC: Co-injection | 100 µg/10 µl | Increased disc height and PG content in NP | Imai 2003134 |
| OP-1 | Rabbit | Lumbar | Needle puncture: Tx 4 wks later | 100 µg/10 µl | Increased disc height and PG content in NP and AF, improvement of MRI and histology grades | Masuda 200680 |
| OP-1 | Rabbit | Lumbar | Needle puncture | 100 µg/10 µl | Increased disc height and viscoelastic properties | Miyamoto 200681 |
| OP-1 | Rabbit | Lumbar | C-ABC: Tx 4 wks later | 100 µg/10 µl | Increased disc height, PG content in NP and AF | Imai 200782 |
| GDF-5 | Rabbit | Lumbar | Needle puncture: Tx 4 wks later | 1, 100 ng/10 µl; 1, 100 µg/10 µl | Increased disc height, improvement of MRI and histology grades | Chujo 200676 |
| GDF-5 | Rabbit | Lumbar | Thrombin-degraded: Tx 4 wks later | 10 µg/10 µl | Increased disc height, improved T1rho and T2 values. Decreased ADAMTS-4, -5, COX9 expression | Bae 200983 |
| BMP-2 | Rabbit | Lumbar | Anular stab (5×7 mm) | 100 µg/100 µl | More degeneration, vascularity and fibroblast | Hwang 2007135 |
| PRP | Rabbit | Lumbar | Nucleotomy, immediate Tx | PRP+GHM(20 µl) or PRP(5µl) +PBS(15µl) | PRP+GHM group had less degeneration and increased PG; PRP+PBS group showed no differences | Nagae 2007108 |
| PRP | Rabbit | Lumbar | Nucleotomy, immediate Tx | 20 µl of PRP+GHM, PBS+GHM, PRP+PBS; puncture-only | PRP+GHM had greater disc height, water content, mRNA for PG core protein and type II collagen; fewer apoptotic cells in NP | Sawamura 200960 |
| BMP-17 | Sheep | Lumbar | Anular stab (3×6 mm), immediate Tx | 300 µg/70 µl | BMP-17 maintained disc height, MRI and histology scores, NP cell density; increased PG and collagen synthesis. | Wei 2009136 |
| ADAMTS -5 siRNA | Rabbit | Lumbar | Needle puncture: Tx 4 wks later | 10 µg/10 µl | Improved MRI and histology scores | Seki 2009111 |
IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor-1; GDF-5 growth differentiation factor-5; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-β; bFGF: basic fibroblast growth factor; OP-1: osteogenic protein-1; PG: proteoglycan; NP: nucleus pulposus; C-ABC: chondroitinase-ABC; Tx: treatment; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; AF: annulus fibrosus; ADAMTS: a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs; COX: cyclooxygenase; BMP-2: bone morphogenetic protein-2; PRP: platelet-rich plasma; GHM: gelatin hydrogel microspheres; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; siRNA: small interference RNA (siRNA).