Table 4.
Regression coefficients for cognitive reserve predictors of six cognitive outcomes, when controlling for other predictors of interest (A, C) and when entered alone with non-cognitive-reserve covariates (B, D). Education predictors were entered as a block. Major columns represent coefficients for models including CAS-Total (A, B) and CAS-Games (C, D), respectively.
| CAS-TOTAL | CAS-GAMES | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. Full model | B. Single predictor model | C. Full model | D. Single predictor model | |
|
| ||||
| Immediate memory (N=762) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) |
| Education | ||||
| Some college | 0.151 (0.128) | 0.224 (0.0919) | 0.198 (0.125) | 0.224 (0.0919) |
| College | 0.0926 (0.0940) | 0.213 (0.0662) | 0.111 (0.0929) | 0.213 (0.0662) |
| Postgraduate | 0.0332 (0.0910) | 0.0245 (0.0659) | 0.0430 (0.0899) | 0.0245 (0.0659) |
| CAS (SD) | 0.0849 (0.0384) | 0.114 (0.0344) | 0.0986 (0.0343) | 0.102 (0.0339) |
| Job complexity (SD) | 0.0342 (0.0376) | 0.0842 (0.0274) | 0.0500 (0.0372) | 0.102 (0.0273) |
|
| ||||
| Verbal learning & memory (N=762) | ||||
|
| ||||
| Education | ||||
| Some college | 0.467 (0.121) | 0.310 (0.0892) | 0.476 (0.119) | 0.310 (0.0892) |
| College | 0.113 (0.0893) | 0.224 (0.0546) | 0.131 (0.0881) | 0.224 (0.0645) |
| Postgraduate | 0.119 (0.0864) | 0.0866 (0.0642) | 0.113 (0.0852) | 0.0866 (0.0643) |
| CAS (SD) | 0.0453 (0.0365) | 0.119 (0.0331) | 0.0924 (0.0325) | 0.0948 (0.0326) |
| Job complexity (SD) | 0.0137 (0.0357) | 0.104 (0.0267) | 0.0263 (0.0353) | 0.129 (0.0265) |
|
| ||||
| Working memory (N=760) | ||||
|
| ||||
| Education | ||||
| Some college | 0.160 (0.132) | 0.224 (0.0936) | 0.146 (0.129) | 0.224 (0.0934) |
| College | 0.131 (0.0970) | 0.216 (0.0677) | 0.119 (0.0957) | 0.216 (0.0677) |
| Postgraduate | 0.244 (0.0939) | 0.244 (0.0674) | 0.230 (0.0926) | 0.244 (0.0674) |
| CAS (SD) | −0.0517 (0.0395) | 0.0515 (0.0356) | 0.0901 (0.0352) | 0.102 (0.0349) |
| Job complexity (SD) | 0.0794 (0.0714) | 0.153 (0.0364) | 0.0799 (0.0482) | 0.170 (0.0363) |
|
| ||||
| Speed & flexibility (N=755) | ||||
|
| ||||
| Education | ||||
| Some college | 0.155 (0.117) | 0.226 (0.0893) | 0.198 (0.114) | 0.226 (0.0893) |
| College | 0.0709 (0.0860) | 0.173 (0.0642) | 0.0836 (0.0848) | 0.173 (0.0642) |
| Postgraduate | 0.0394 (0.0837) | 0.0796 (0.0641) | 0.0539 (0.0825) | 0.0796 (0.0641) |
| CAS (SD) | 0.0908 (0.0351) | 0.151 (0.0321) | 0.160 (0.0314) | 0.143 (0.0327) |
| Job complexity (SD) | 0.0782 (0.0341) | 0.0924 (0.0257) | 0.0968 (0.0337) | 0.112 (0.0259) |
|
| ||||
| Visuospatial ability (N=760) | ||||
|
| ||||
| Education | ||||
| Some college | 0.242 (0.114) | 0.300 (0.0820) | 0.267 (0.111) | 0.300 (0.0821) |
| College | 0.416 (0.0847) | 0.378 (0.0600) | 0.414 (0.0834) | 0.378 (0.0600) |
| Postgraduate | 0.0794 (0.0828) | 0.173 (0.0600) | 0.0839 (0.0813) | 0.173 (0.0600) |
| CAS (SD) | 0.0704 (0.0346) | 0.174 (0.0328) | 0.216 (0.0475) | 0.246 (0.0530) |
| Job complexity (SD) | 0.0747 (0.0333) | 0.161 (0.0244) | 0.0926 (0.0329) | 0.189 (0.0248) |
|
| ||||
| Verbal ability (N=757) | ||||
|
| ||||
| Education | ||||
| Some college | 0.347 (0.0991) | 0.418 (0.0729) | 0.395 (0.0984) | 0.418 (0.0729) |
| College | 0.595 (0.0737) | 0.724 (0.0532) | 0.626 (0.0738) | 0.724 (0.0532) |
| Postgraduate | 0.320 (0.0714) | 0.392 (0.0530) | 0.346 (0.0716) | 0.392 (0.0530) |
| CAS (SD) | 0.152 (0.0300) | 0.303 (0.0318) | 0.0911 (0.0272) | 0.0748 (0.0345) |
| Job complexity (SD) | 0.0843 (0.0368) | 0.293 (0.0316) | 0.141 (0.0292) | 0.323 (0.0250) |
Coefficients with p<.05 are bold.