Table 1.
Pediatric rhinocerebral zygomycosis: review of the literature from 1980 to 2013
| Author | Cases (Number) | Sex | Ages (years) | Underlying condition | Treatment | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kilpatrick et al. [4]. 1984 |
1 |
F |
18 |
DM 1 |
Surgery, antifungal therapy |
Survived with left orbital exenteration and ethmoidectomy. |
| Kemper et al. [5]. 1993 |
1 |
F |
18 |
DM 1 |
Surgery, L-AmB, HOT |
Survived with right eye exenteration |
| Garces et al. [6]. 1994 |
1 |
M |
6 |
Hematologic malignancy |
Surgery |
Deceased |
| Moll et al. [7]. 1994 |
1 |
Unknown |
12 |
DM 1 |
Surgery, antifungal therapy |
Survived with minimal left cranial nerve palsies |
| Shah et al. [8]. 1997 |
1 |
M |
15 |
DM 1 |
L-AmB and HOT |
Survived with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt, right nonreactive pupil, minimal residual physical disability |
| Kameh et al. [9] 1997 |
1 |
M |
13 months |
DM 1 |
Surgery, L-AmB |
Deceased |
| Adler et al. [10]. 1998 |
1 |
M |
16 |
DM 1 |
Surgery, L-AmB |
Survived |
| Lee et al. [11] 1998 |
1 |
M |
10 |
DM 1 |
Surgery, L-AmB |
Survived with open craniotomy for abscess resection |
| Khanna et al. [12]. 1998 |
1 |
F |
11 |
DM 1 |
Surgery, L-AmB |
Deceased |
| Parkin et al. [13]. 2000 |
2 |
M; M |
13; 3 |
Hematologic malignancy |
G-CSF, L-AmB |
Deceased for other cause; survived after bone marrow transplant |
| Ryan et al. [14]. 2001 |
2 |
F; M |
9;3 |
Hematologic malignancy |
Surgery, L-AmB |
Deceased |
| Gessesse et al. [15]. 2001 |
1 |
M |
11 |
DM 1 |
Unknown |
Deceased |
| Wehl et al. [16]. 2002 |
1 |
M |
9 months |
Hematologic malignancy |
L-AmB |
Deceased |
| Hamilton et al. [17]. 2003 |
1 |
M |
14 |
DM 1 |
Surgery, antibiotics, HOT |
Survived with enucleation of right eye |
| Simmons et al. [18]. 2005 |
1 |
F |
8 |
DM 1 |
Surgery, L-AmB, HOT, Interferon-G, POS, GM-CSF |
Survived |
| Sorensen et al. [19]. 2006 |
1 |
F |
10 |
Hematologic malignancy |
L-AmB, POS, Caspofungin, surgery |
Deceased for other cause |
| Popa et al. [20] 2008 |
1 |
F |
7 |
Hematologic malignancy |
L-AmB |
Survived after neurosurgical debridement of the left temporal abscess |
| Garner et al. [21]. 2008 |
2 |
M; M |
5; 15 |
Hematologic malignancy |
L-AmB, POS |
Survived |
| Ganesh et al. [22] 2008 |
1 |
M |
14 |
DM 1 |
L-AmB, itraconazole |
Survived |
| Tarani et al. [23]. 2009 |
1 |
F |
12 |
DM 1 |
L-AmB, GM-CSF, HOT, surgery, POS |
Survived |
| Ibrahim et al. [24]. 2009 |
1 |
F |
12 |
DM 1 |
L-AmB, POS |
Survived |
| Skiada et al. [3]. 2009 |
1 |
M |
2 |
Hematologic malignancy |
L-Am B, POS |
Vegetative state |
| Safder et al. [25]. 2010 |
1 |
F |
12 |
Autoimmune hepatitis |
Surgery, L-AmB |
Survived with right eye exenteration |
| Nirmala et al. [26]. 2011 |
1 |
M |
12 |
DM 1 |
L-AmB |
Survived |
| Prasad et al. [27]. 2012 | 1 | F | 15 | Hematologic malignancy | Surgery and L-AmB | Deceased |
Abbreviations: M Male, F Female, DM 1 Type 1 Diabetes, L-Amb Liposomal Amphotericin B, HOT Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy, POS Posaconazole, GM-CFS Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor.