Table 1.

Proportion of men who developed an elevated prostate-specific antigen level, underwent prostate biopsy and prostate cancer diagnosis stratified according to baseline prostate-specific antigen in men in their 40s

Stratification Parameter	Characteristics	All Men (n = 268)	PSA <1.0 (n = 192)	PSA ≥1.0 (n = 76)	P Value†
		N (%)*	N (%)*	N (%)*
DRE	Developed an abnormal DRE during follow-up	81 (30.2%)	60 (31.3%)	21 (27.6%)	.3
PSA	Developed PSA above age-specific cut-point during follow-up	31 (11.6%)	10 (5.2%)	21 (27.6%)	<.0001
Prostate biopsy	Number of men getting at least one biopsy in 20 y of follow-up	66 (24.6%)	35 (18.2%)	31 (40.8%)	.0003
	Number of negative initial biopsies (%of total initial biopsies without cancer)	53 (80.3%)	30 (85.7%)	23 (74.2%)	.2
	Median time to prostate biopsy (IQR)	14.7 (11.1, 16.8)	14.9 (12.6, 16.9)	13.7 (9.6, 16.5)	.0497
	Median age at first prostate biopsy years (IQR)	59.4 (56.3, 61.6)	59.6 (56.8, 67.8)	58.3 (54.4, 61.2)	.16
Prostate cancer	Prostate cancer diagnosis	18 (6.7%)	6 (3.1%)	12 (16%)	.0006
	Median time to diagnosis of CaP, y (IQR)	12.2 (8.1–15.7)	14.6 (10.3–16.8)	10.3 (7.9–15.2)	.6
	Median age at CaP diagnosis, y (IQR)	57.1 (54.5–60.0)	58.8 (54.9–62.2)	56.6 (54.0–59.7)	.6
	Type of cancer diagnosed by risk group
	Low (PSA <10, GS = 6)	16 (6%)	2.7% (0.1–5.4)‡	11.8% (4.0–19)‡	.003
	Med (PSA 10–20 or GS = 7)	2 (0.7%)	0	2 (2.6%)	-
	High (PSA >20, GS >7, or both medium criteria met)	0	0	0	-
	Death from CaP	0	0	0	-
	Death from any cause	7 (2.6%)	6 (3.1%)	1 (1.3%)	.3

CaP, prostate cancer; DRE, digital rectal examination; GS, Gleason score; IQR, interquartile range; PSA, prostate-specific antigen.

^*N and % unless otherwise noted.

^† P value from Wilcoxon Rank sum test (Median age, median time to biopsy and cancer diagnosis) Cox proportional hazards models (abnormal DRE, elevated PSA, prostate biopsy, and cancer diagnosis, death) Chi-square (negative initial biopsy).

^‡ Fifteen-year estimated risk (95% confidence interval), hazard ratio 4.4 1.6–13.0, P = .0033.