Table 2.
Studies that use the sliding window approach (Part 1).
| Publication (Number of Subjects) | Activities (Number of Activities) | Accelerometer Placements (Number of Accelerometers) | Inter-Subject Classification Accuracy | Window Sizes (in seconds) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mantyjarvi et al. (2001) (1 subject) [40] | Level walking, stairs up/down, opening doors (4) | Left and right sides of the hip (2) | MLP (83%–90%) | 2 |
| Kern et al. (2003) (1 subject) [41] | Sitting, standing, shaking hands, writing on a keyboard and more (8) | Ankle, knee, hip, wrist, elbow, shoulder on both sides (12) | NB (∼90%) | ∼0.5 |
| Krause et al. (2003) (2 subjects) [42] | Walking, running, sitting, knee-bends, waving arms, climbing stairs and more (8) | Back of the upper arm (2) | K-means clustering, 1st order Markov | 8 |
| Bao and Intille (2004) (20 subjects) [29] | Walking, running, scrubbing, brushing teeth and more (20) | Upper arm, wrist, thigh, hip, ankle (5) | DT (84%) kNN (83%) NB (52%) | ∼6.7 |
| Huynh and Schiele (2005) (2 subjects) [43] | Walking, jogging, hopping, skipping and more | Shoulder strap (1) | NCC (∼80%) | 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 |
| Ravi et al. (2005) (2 subjects) [44] | Walking, running, standing, vacuuming and more (8) | Waist (pelvic region) (1) | NB (64%) SVM (63%) DT (57%) kNN (50%) | 5.12 |
| Maurer et al. (2006) (6 subjects) [45] | Walking, running, standing, sitting, upstairs, downstairs (6) | Wrist, belt, shirt pocket, trouser pocket, backpack, necklace (6) | DT (87%) kNN (<87%) NB (<87%) | 0.5 |
| Parkka et al. (2006) (16 subjects) [46] | Walking, running, rowing, Nordic walking and more (8) | Chest, wrist (2) | DT (86%) MLP (82%) Hierarchical (82%) | 4, 10 |
| Pirttikangas et al. (2006) (13 subjects) [25] | Walking, lying down, cycling, typing, vacuuming, drinking and more (17) | Right thigh and wrist, left wrist and necklace (4) | MLP (80%) kNN (90%) | 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 0.7, 1, 1.5 |
| Huynh et al. (2007) (1 subject) [47] | High-level (going shopping, preparing for work, doing housework) (3) + Low-level (brushing teeth, taking a shower and more) (16) | Wrist, hip, thigh (3) | SVM (91.8%) kNN (83.4%) k-means (84.9%) HMMs (80.6%) for high-level SVM (79.1%) kNN (77%) k-means (69.4%) HMMs (67.4%) for low-level | 6 |
| Lovell et al. (2007) (52 subjects) [48] | Walking patterns (slope-down, slope-up, flat, stairs-down, stairs-up) (5) | Waist (1) | MLP-RFS (92%) MLP-RR (88.5%) | ∼2.56 |
| Suutala et al. (2007) (13 subjects) [49] | Lying down, vacuuming, typing, cycling, reading a newspaper, drinking and more (17) | Right thigh and wrist, left wrist, necklace (4) | 17 activities (SVM (90.6%) HMM (84.2%) SVM-HMM (84.4%) DTS (93.6%)) | 0.7 |
| 9 activities (SVM (94.1%) HMM (88.7%) SVM-HMM (90.4%) DTS (96.4%)) | ||||
| Amft and Troster (2008) (6 subjects) [50] | Arm movements, chewing, swallowing (3) | Upper and lower arms (4) | Arm movements (79%) Chewing (86%) Swallowing (70%) | 0.5 |
| Stikic et al. (2008) (12 subjects) [27] | Housekeeping (vacuuming, sweeping, dusting, ironing, mopping and more) (10) | Wrist (1) | NB (57%) HMMs (60%) JB (68%) | 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 |
| Preece et al. (2009) (20 subjects) [30] | 2 datasets: jogging, running, hopping, jumping and more (8) + Walking, climbing stairs up/down (3) | Waist, thigh, ankle (3) | kNN (96% with 8 activities; 98% with 3 activities) | 2 |
| Altun and Barshan (2010) (8 subjects) [51] | Sitting, playing basketball, standing, rowing, jumping and more (19) | Chest, both wrists and sides of the knees (5) | BDM (99.2%) LSM (89.6%) kNN (98.7%) DTW1 (83.2%) DTW2 (98.5%) SVM (98.8%) ANN (96.2%) | 5 |
| Han et al. (2010) (1 subject) [52] | Walking, running, standing, lying, falling, jumping (6) | Waist belt (1) | Fixed: HMM-P (78.8%) HMM-PNP (80.2%) Tilted: HMM-P (79.4%) HMM-PNP (53.2%) | 0.32 |