Table 1.
Characteristics of Participants
| Characteristic | Number of observations1 |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| Socio-demographic characteristics | |||
| Maternal age at expected delivery date, mean (SD), years | 26.0 (6.7) | 715 | |
| Mother has ≤ 8 y of formal education, n (%) | 340 (47.6) | 715 | |
| Household income ≤ 3 times minimum salary2, n (%) | 565 (81.9) | 690 | |
| Social class C or lower by ABIPEME index3, n (%) | 569 (79.8) | 713 | |
| Self-identified maternal race white, n (%) | 395 (55.2) | 715 | |
| Self-identified maternal race black, mixed, or other, n (%) | 320 (44.8) | 715 | |
| Male child, n (%) | 333 (52.4) | 635 | |
| Anthropometry | |||
| Length-for-age Z-score at age 5–9 months, mean (SD) | −0.13 (1.2) | 631 | |
| Length-for-age Z-score <−2 at age 5–9 months, n (%) | 31 (4.9) | 631 | |
| Length-for-age Z-score at age 11–15 months, mean (SD) | −0.03 (0.9) | 527 | |
| Length-for-age Z-score <−2 at age 11–15 months, n (%) | 4 (0.8) | 527 | |
| Feeding Habits | |||
| Introduced to soft drinks before age 6 months, n (%) | 192 (30.3) | 633 | |
| Introduced to any sweets before age 6 months, n (%) | 557 (90.8) | 613 | |
| Consumed soft drinks in prior month at age 11–15 months, n (%) | 413 (76.6) | 539 | |
| Consumed vegetables ≥4 days per week at age 11–15 months, n (%) | 341 (63.5) | 537 | |
| Ever initiated breastfeeding | 627 (98.9) | 633 | |
| Duration exclusive breastfeeding, mean (SD), months | 2.1 (1.6) | 633 | |
| Exclusive breastfeeding to age ≥4 months, n (%) | 152 (24.0) | 633 | |
| Breastfeeding duration to age <6 months, n (%) | 216 (34.1) | 633 | |
| Breastfeeding duration to age 6–11 months, n (%) | 100 (16.7) | 598 | |
| Breastfeeding duration to age 12–23 months, n (%) | 65 (12.1) | 537 | |
| Breastfeeding duration to age ≥24 months, n (%) | 156 (29.1) | 537 | |
| Consuming sweet substances in bottle at age 5–9 months, n (%) | 198 (32.3) | 614 | |
| Consuming sweet substances in bottle at age 2–3 years, n (%) | 312 (68.4) | 456 | |
| Dental Caries Experience at age 2–3 years | |||
| Any affected tooth, n (%) | 250 (54.6) | 458 | |
| S-ECC, n (%) | 157 (34.3) | 458 | |
| dmfs (any decay), mean (SD) | 3.2 (6.1) | 458 | |
| dmfs (cavitated decay only), mean (SD) | 2.6 (5.9) | 458 | |
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; ABIPEME, Brazilian Association of Economic Research Institutes; S-ECC, severe early childhood caries; dmfs, decayed missing filled surfaces index
1
Number of observations differ for some variables due to missing data and/or losses to follow-up
2
Monthly income of ≤1500 Brazilian reais; approximately 900 US dollars in 2008
3
Socioeconomic classification scale based on material possessions and education, A = highest status, E = lowest status