Table 3.
Multivariate multinomial analysis of the individual, family and environmental factors and PA levels
| |
Model 1 (individual level factors) |
Model 2 (model 1 + family level factors) |
Model 3 (model 1 and 2 + environmental factors) |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
Moderate |
High |
Moderate |
High |
Moderate |
High |
||||||
| OR (95%CI) | p-value | OR (95%CI) | p-value | OR (95%CI) | p-value | OR (95%CI) | p-value | OR (95%CI) | p-value | OR (95%CI) | p-value | |
|
Individual factors+ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
| Gender |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
| Boys |
0.96 (0.81-1.14) |
0.63 |
1.54(1.32-1.80) |
<0.001 |
0.85 (0.68 -1.08) |
0.19 |
1.66 (1.37-2.01) |
<0.001 |
0.84 (0.66-1.06) |
0.15 |
1.64 (1.34-2.01) |
<0.001 |
| Girls |
1*** |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||||||
| Child’s weight status# |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
| Obese |
0.58 (0.42-0.79) |
<0.001 |
0.40 (0.31-0.52) |
<0.001 |
0.86 (0.55-1.34) |
0.51 |
0.41 (0.27-0.61) |
<0.001 |
0.90 (0.57-1.40) |
0.63 |
0.41 (0.27-0.61) |
<0.001 |
| Overweight |
0.79 (0.65-0.97) |
0.02 |
0.77 (0.64-0.91) |
0.001 |
0.72 (0.55-1.34) |
0.02 |
0.68 (0.54-0.85) |
<0.001 |
0.75 (.56-1.00) |
0.05 |
0.68 (0.54-0.86) |
<0.001 |
| Normal |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||||||
| Total screen time^ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
| < Recommended 2 hours |
0.90 (0.73-1.11) |
0.33 |
0.71 (0.59-0.84) |
<0.001 |
0.97 (0.73-1.28) |
0.82 |
0.67 (0.53-0.86) |
<0.001 |
0.97 (0.73-1.30) |
0.85 |
0.66 (0.52-0.85) |
<0.001 |
| >Recommended 2 hours |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||||||
| Favourite hobby* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
| Active |
1.13 (0.95-1.35) |
0.27 |
1.65 (1.42-1.92) |
<0.001 |
1.21 (0.95-1.53) |
0.13 |
1.62 (1.30-2.03) |
<0.001 |
1.17 (0.91-1.50) |
0.21 |
1.65 (1.31-2.08) |
<0.001 |
| Inactive |
1 |
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||||||
| Sports/fitness club |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
| Yes |
2.28 (1.88-2.77) |
<0.001 |
1.86 (1.58-2.20) |
<0.001 |
2.32 (1.69-3.18) |
<0.001 |
1.92 (1.50-2.46) |
<0.001 |
2.28 (1.66-3.14) |
0.001 |
1.90 (1.48-2.45) |
<0.001 |
| No |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
1 |
1 |
||||||
|
Family factors+ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
| Caregiver’s education |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
| Third level |
|
|
1.74 (1.18-2.57) |
0.01 |
1.32 (0.96-1.81) |
0.09 |
1.67 (1.12-2.50) |
0.01 |
1.31 (0.94-1.83) |
0.11 |
||
| Post-secondary |
|
|
1.21 (0.85-1.72) |
0.29 |
1.17 (0.87-1.57) |
0.31 |
1.14 (0.78-1.67) |
0.46 |
1.16 (0.85-1.58) |
0.34 |
||
| Higher secondary |
|
|
1.17 (0.81-1.68) |
0.41 |
1.09 (0.80-1.47) |
0.60 |
1.16 (0.81-1.68) |
0.42 |
1.08 (0.79-1.49) |
0.62 |
||
| < =Lower secondary |
|
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||||||
| Caregiver’s employment |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
| In full time work |
|
|
0.81 (0.61-1.08) |
0.15 |
1.05 (0.82-1.34) |
0.73 |
0.76 (0.57-1.01) |
0.06 |
1.04 (0.72-1.50) |
0.79 |
||
| Not in full time |
|
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||||||
| Caregiver’s weight# |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
| Obese |
|
|
1.14 (0.82-1.58) |
0.43 |
1.02(0.76-1.36) |
0.90 |
1.11 (0.79-1.56) |
0.54 |
1.00 (0.74-1.35) |
0.99 |
||
| Overweight |
|
|
0.85 (0.65-1.11) |
0.23 |
0.94 (0.75-1.17) |
0.56 |
0.80 (0.61-1.05) |
0.11 |
0.92 (0.74-1.16) |
0.48 |
||
| Normal |
|
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||||||
| Siblings |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
| Yes |
|
|
1.20 (0.80-1.79) |
0.37 |
0.86 (0.62-1.18) |
0.35 |
1.22 (0.80-1.86) |
0.35 |
0.83 (0.59-1.16) |
0.28 |
||
| No |
|
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||||||
| Parenting style |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
| Authoritative |
|
|
1.41 (1.07-1.87) |
0.02 |
1.15 (0.90-1.47) |
0.25 |
1.42 (1.06-1.90) |
0.02 |
1.16 (0.91-1.49) |
0.23 |
||
| Permissive |
|
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||||||
| Household type |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
| Two parent |
|
|
1.38 (0.96-1.98) |
0.08 |
1.03(0.77-1.38) |
0.82 |
1.45 (0.99-2.12) |
0.06 |
1.07 (0.79-1.44) |
0.74 |
||
| One parent |
|
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||||||
|
Environmental factors+ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
| Travel to/from school |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
| Active both ways |
|
|
|
|
1.13 (0.83-1.41) |
0.43 |
1.34 (1.03-1.74) |
0.03 |
||||
| Active one way |
|
|
|
|
1.04 (0.66-1.62) |
0.88 |
1.04 (0.72-1.50) |
0.85 |
||||
| Inactive both ways |
|
|
|
|
1 |
1 |
||||||
| School playground** |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
| Good/excellent |
|
|
|
|
0.87 (0.67-1.62) |
0.29 |
0.97 (0.76-1.24) |
0.82 |
||||
| Fair/poor |
|
|
|
|
1 |
1 |
||||||
| School sports facilities** |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
| Good/excellent |
|
|
|
|
1.08 (0.83-1.41) |
0.56 |
0.99 (0.78-1.26) |
0.95 |
||||
| Fair/poor |
|
|
|
|
1 |
1 |
||||||
| Safe places to play |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
| Agree |
|
|
|
|
0.81 (0.53-1.24) |
0.33 |
1.12 -0.75-1.66) |
0.58 |
||||
| Disagree |
|
|
|
|
1 |
1 |
||||||
| After school activities |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
| Yes |
|
|
|
|
1.39 (1.05-1.84) |
0.02 |
1.16 (0.92-1.46) |
0.22 |
||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
+All data is primary caregiver reported unless indicated otherwise.
*Child-reported variable.
**School principal reported variable.
#Objectively measured height and weight data.
***1 denotes reference category.
^Screen time was according to the American Association of Pediatrics guidelines.