Table 4.
Hazards Ratios from Univariate Cox Regression Analysis of Possible Predictors of Echocardiographic Normalization in 741 Children with Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Abnormal Left Ventricular Function and Dilation at Diagnosis.
| Characteristic at diagnosis | N | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, year* | 741 | 0.92 (0.88, 0.97) | <0.001 |
| Age group, years | 741 | 0.008 | |
| <1 | 2.77 (1.38, 5.57) | ||
| 1 to 10 | 3.05 (1.48, 6.28) | ||
| >10 | Reference | ||
| Male | 773 | 0.86 (0.58, 1.27) | 0.44 |
| 741 | 0.88 (0.59, 1.31) | 0.52 | |
| Body surface area z-score | 715 | 1.11 (0.97, 1.27) | 0.12 |
| Height-for-age z-score | 448 | 0.92 (0.78, 1.09) | 0.35 |
| Race | 741 | 0.07 | |
| White | 0.94 (0.42, 2.10) | ||
| Black | 0.65 (0.27, 1.61) | ||
| Hispanic | 1.49 (0.64, 3.49) | ||
| Other | Reference | ||
| Era of diagnosis | 741 | 0.93 | |
| 1990–1999 | 1.02 (0.65, 1.47) | ||
| 2000–2010 | Reference | ||
| Congestive heart failure | 740 | 0.84 (0.53, 1.31) | 0.44 |
| Family history of cardiomyopathy | 454 | 0.79 (0.39, 1.60) | 0.51 |
| Family history of sudden death | 462 | 0.62 (0.19, 2.03) | 0.43 |
| LVEDD z-score* | 741 | 0.78 (0.70, 0.87) | <0.001 |
| Tertile group: | |||
| < 4.29 | 2.67 (1.58, 4.50) | <0.001 | |
| 4.29 to < 6.29 | 1.56 (0.89, 2.76) | ||
| ≥ 6.29 | Reference | ||
| LVESD z-score | 667 | 0.78 (0.70, 0.87) | <0.001 |
| Tertile group: | |||
| < 6.26 | 3.48 (1.98, 6.12) | <0.001 | |
| 6.26 to < 8.17 | 1.59 (0.85, 3.00) | ||
| ≥ 8.17 | Reference | ||
| LV fractional shortening z-score | 700 | 1.08 (1.00, 1.17) | 0.041 |
| Tertile group: | |||
| < −11.1 | 0.72 (0.44, 1.19) | 0.31 | |
| −11.1 to < −8.99 | 0.73 (0.44, 1.18) | ||
| ≥ −8.99 | Reference | ||
| LV posterior wall thickness z-score | 576 | 1.04 (0.96, 1.12) | 0.37 |
| LV septal thickness z-score | 536 | 1.04 (0.94, 1.16) | 0.42 |
| LV mass z-score | 576 | 0.90 (0.83, 0.98) | 0.019 |
| Tertile group: | |||
| < 2.04 | 1.57 (0.90, 2.74) | 0.23 | |
| 2.04 to <4.00 | 1.50 (0.87, 2.61) | ||
| ≥ 4.00 | Reference | ||
| Log (PWT:EDD ratio) | 576 | 2.09 (1.24, 3.53) | 0.006 |
| Tertile group: | |||
| < −2.30 | 0.40 (0.22, 0.72) | 0.009 | |
| −2.30 to <−2.04 | 0.79 (0.49, 1.29) | ||
| ≥ −2.04 | Reference | ||
LV, left ventricular; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension; LVESD, left ventricular end-systolic dimension; PWT, posterior wall thickness
*
Age at diagnosis and LVEDD z-score at diagnosis comprised the final multivariable model for time to echo normalization (both terms p<0.001).