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. 2014 May 15;63(6):2097–2113. doi: 10.2337/db12-1459

Figure 1.

Figure 1

A: Schematic representation of the insulin-signaling cascade. Insulin binding to the insulin receptor results in phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS1/2), which in turn activates PI3K, which converts Akt to the activated phosphorylated form. p-Akt phosphorylates and inactivates GSK3β, whose role in regulation of SREBP-1 and GIRK4 is suggested. LY294002 is a PI3K inhibitor; Kenpaullone, Li+, and CHIR-99021 are GSK3β inhibitors. B: Time course of changes in HF fraction and the LF power in response to propranolol. ECGs were monitored in 4-month-old WT male mice and recorded continuously for 5 min before an intraperitoneal injection of 1 mg/kg propranolol and continued for 15 min. Composite plots of HF fraction and LF power were computed as described in research design and methods. C: Quantitation of HF fraction at baseline and 15 min after propranolol. Results are the mean ± SEM. **P < 0.01.