Table 1.
Number and mean age of participants; age at which they began learning English; time learning English; their proficiencies in reading, writing, speaking, and listening; and overall proficiency scores
| P and S Rating (Concrete Items) | P and S Rating (Abstract Items) | Number of Translations Task | English (L2) Word Familiarity Rating | Concreteness Rating | Age-of-Acquisition Rating | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of participants | 33 | 36 | 38 | 19 | 18 | 22 |
| Age | 20.4 (4.5) | 20.2 (4.4) | 18.8 (0.8) | 18.4 (0.5) | 20.6 (4.4) | 19.1 (0.9) |
| Age began learning L2a | 11–15 years | 11–15 years | 11–15 years | 11–15 years | – | – |
| Time learning L2b | 5–9 years | 5–9 years | 3–7 years | 3–7 years | – | – |
| L2 reading proficiency | 6.8 (1.1) | 6.2 (1.6) | 6.2 (1.2) | 6.7 (1.5) | – | – |
| L2 writing proficiency | 5.3 (1.3) | 4.8 (1.6) | 5.1 (1.5) | 5.0 (1.6) | – | – |
| L2 speaking proficiency | 4.2 (2.0) | 3.8 (1.7) | 4.1 (1.7) | 4.4 (1.8) | – | – |
| L2 listening proficiency | 5.4 (2.2) | 4.7 (1.9) | 4.6 (1.9) | 5.4 (1.9) | – | – |
| Overall L2 proficiencyc | 5.4 (1.3) | 4.9 (1.4) | 5.0 (0.9) | 5.4 (1.0) | – | – |
Standard deviations appear in parentheses. a“Age began learning” is derived from self–selected categories (0, 1–5, 6–10, 11–16, 17–21, and 21 years or above), and the data provided above are the mode responses for the participants. b“Time learning L2” is simply “Age” minus “Age began learning.” c“Overall proficiency” is the mean of reading, writing, speaking, and listening proficiency measures.