L. mexicana |
Arginase |
NA |
NA |
NA |
+ |
UC |
(41–43) |
L. major |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. donovani |
Ornithine decarboxylase |
BALB/c mice |
Reduced virulence in vitro and in vivo
|
NA |
+ |
+ |
(44–46) |
L. donovani |
Spermidine synthase |
BALB/c mice |
Decreased organ parasite burden |
4 weeks |
+ |
UC |
(47) |
L. donovani |
S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase |
NA |
NA |
NA |
+ |
UC |
(48) |
L. donovani |
Trypanothione reductase |
NA |
Reduced virulence in vitro
|
NA |
+ |
UC |
(49–52) |
L. donovani |
Trypanothione synthetase |
NA |
NA |
NA |
+ |
UC |
(42, 53) |
L. donovani |
Hypoxanthine–guanine phosphoribosyl transferase |
NA |
No effect on virulence in vitro and in vivo
|
NA |
X |
X |
(54) |
L. donovani |
Adenine phosphoribosyl transferase |
NA |
No effect on virulence in vitro and in vivo
|
NA |
X |
X |
(54, 55) |
L. donovani |
Xanthine phosphoribosyl transferase |
NA |
No effect on virulence in vitro and in vivo
|
NA |
+ |
UC |
(54, 56) |
L. donovani |
Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase |
BALB/c mice |
No effect on virulence in vivo
|
NA |
X |
X |
(57) |
L. donovani |
Adenine aminohydrolase |
BALB/c mice |
No significant effect on parasitemia in vitro or in organ parasite burden |
NA |
+ |
UC |
(58) |
L. donovani |
Hypoxanthine–guanine phosphoribosyl transferase/xanthine phosphoribosyl transferase |
NA |
Highly reduced virulence in vitro
|
NA |
– |
+ |
(59) |
L. donovani |
Adenine aminohydrolase/hypoxanthine–guanine phosphoribosyl transferase/xanthine phosphoribosyl transferase |
BALB/c mice |
Avirulent in vitro and in vivo
|
4 weeks |
– |
+ |
(58) |
L. donovani |
Adenylosuccinate synthetase |
BALB/c mice |
Reduced virulence in vitro but not in vivo
|
NA |
X |
X |
(60) |
L. donovani |
Adenylosuccinate lyase |
BALB/c mice |
Reduced virulence in vitro and in vivo
|
NA |
+ |
UC |
(60) |
L. donovani |
Uridine monophosphate synthase |
NA |
NA |
NA |
+ |
UC |
(61) |
L. donovani |
Uracil phosphoribosyl transferase |
BALB/c mice |
No effect on virulence in vitro or in vivo
|
NA |
+ |
UC |
(62, 63) |
L. donovani |
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase |
BALB/c mice |
Reduced virulence in vitro and decreased parasite burden |
NA |
+ |
UC |
(62) |
L. donovani |
Uracil phosphoribosyl transferase/carbamoyl phosphate synthetase |
BALB/c mice |
Reduced virulence in vivo
|
4 weeks |
– |
+ |
(62) |
L. donovani |
Biopterin transporter 1 |
BALB/c mice |
Reduced virulence in vivo. Protective against challenge infection. Increased IFN-γ production upon splenocyte stimulation |
3 months |
UC |
+ |
(64) |
L. donovani |
Centrin |
BALB/c mice, SCID mice, golden Syrian hamsters |
Long term protection against challenge infection-early clearance. Protective Th1-type immune response. Increase of single and multiple cytokine (IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNFα) producing cells, IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio, IgG2a immunoglobulins and NO production. Reduced organ parasite burden. Cross-protective against L. braziliensis challenge |
10 weeks |
UC |
+ |
(65, 66) |
L. donovani |
P27, a cytochrome c oxidase component |
BALB/c mice |
Reduced virulence in vivo. NO generation, Ag-specific multifunctional CD4 and CD8 T-cells, enhanced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12, and anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10, IL-4, and IL-13 |
20 weeks |
UC |
+ |
(67) |
L. donovani |
Ubiquitin fold modifier-1 |
NA |
Reduced virulence in human macrophages |
NA |
+ |
+ |
(68) |
L. donovani |
Golgi GDP mannose transporter |
BALB/c mice |
Reduced virulence in vitro and in vivo
|
Long term |
+ |
+ |
(69) |
L. donovani |
Amastigote specific expression protein-2 |
BALB/c mice |
Decreased virulence in vitro and in vivo
|
NA |
+ |
X |
(70) |
L. donovani |
Cathepsin b cysteine protease |
NA |
Decreased virulence in U937 macrophage cells |
NA |
+ |
UC |
(71) |
L. donovani |
Oligopeptidase b serine protease |
BALB/c mice |
Decreased virulence in the murine footpad infection model. Massive upregulation in gene-transcription |
NA |
+ |
UC |
(72) |
L. donovani |
Subtilisin protease |
BALB/c mice, golden Syrian hamsters |
Reduced virulence in vivo
|
NA |
+ |
UC |
(73) |
L. donovani |
Myosin |
NA |
NA |
NA |
+ |
UC |
(74) |
L. donovani |
70 kDa subunit of outer dynein arm docking complex |
NA |
Increased virulence in vitro
|
NA |
X |
X |
(75) |
L. donovani |
Actin |
NA |
Reduced survival in vitro mice peritoneal macrophage cells |
NA |
+ |
UC |
(76) |
L. donovani |
ADP-ribosylation factor like protein-3A |
NA |
NA |
NA |
+ |
UC |
(77) |
L. infantum |
Heat shock protein 70 type II |
L. major model of infection in BALB/c mice, SCID mice, golden Syrian hamster |
Increased NO production and protection by type 1 immune response in BALB/c mice |
NA |
UC |
+ |
(78) |
L. donovani |
Small glutamine rich tetra trichopeptide |
NA |
NA |
NA |
+ |
UC |
(79) |
L. donovani |
Casein kinase 1 isoform 4 |
NA |
Increased virulence in vitro mice peritoneal macrophage cells |
NA |
+ |
UC |
(80) |
L. donovani |
Glyoxalase I |
NA |
NA |
NA |
+ |
UC |
(81) |
L. donovani |
cyp5122A1, a cytochrome P450 |
Golden Syrian hamsters |
Decreased virulence in vitro and in vivo
|
NA |
+ |
UC |
(82) |
|
Color codes |
Role |
Symbols/short forms |
Interpretation |
|
|
Purple |
Polyamine metabolism |
NA |
Not available |
|
Blue |
Purine metabolism |
+ |
Positive indication |
|
Gray |
Pyrimidine metabolism |
– |
Not evaluated |
|
Green |
Amastigote stage |
UC |
Uncertain |
|
Yellow |
Protease |
X |
Negative indication |
|
Peach |
Cytoskeletal involvement |
|
|
|
Pink |
Chaperones |
|
|
|
White |
Others |
|
|
|