Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants according to energy-adjusted tertiles of total olive oil consumption
|
Baseline energy-adjusted tertiles of total olive oil consumption |
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | 1 (n = 2,405) | 2 (n = 2,406) | 3 (n = 2,405) | P -value |
|
Age (y) |
67 ± 6 |
67 ± 6 |
67 ± 6 |
0.744 |
|
Men, % (n) |
45.7 (1,099) |
42.2 (1,016) |
39.8 (956) |
<0.001 |
|
Intervention group, % (n) |
|
|
|
0.476 |
|
MedDiet + EVOO |
33.1 (796) |
34.5 (830) |
35.3 (848) |
|
|
MedDiet + Nuts |
32.6 (785) |
32.9 (792) |
32.6 (783) |
|
|
Control low fat diet |
34.3 (824) |
32.6 (784) |
32.2 (774) |
|
|
BMI (kg/m
2
) |
29.9 ± 3.73 |
29.9 ± 3.88 |
30.0 ± 3.93 |
0.427 |
|
Weight (kg) |
77.0 ± 11.7 |
76.6 ± 12.0 |
76.6 ± 12.1 |
0.422 |
|
Leisure-time energy expenditure in physical activity (MET minutes/d) |
243.1 ± 265.2 |
228.6 ± 225.5 |
221.3 ± 223.1 |
0.005 |
|
Smoking status, % (n) |
|
|
|
0.262 |
| Never |
60.3 (1,450) |
60.9 (1,466) |
63.3 (1,523) |
|
| Current |
14.4 (347) |
14.2 (341) |
13.1 (316) |
|
| Former |
25.3 (608) |
24.9 (599) |
23.5 (566) |
|
|
Educational level, % (n) |
|
|
|
0.040 |
| Illiterate/primary education |
79.3 (1,907) |
77.6 (1,866) |
76.1 (1,831) |
|
| Secondary education |
14.1 (338) |
14.7 (354) |
16.8 (404) |
|
| Academic/graduate |
6.7 (160) |
7.7 (186) |
7.1 (170) |
|
|
Prevalence of diabetes, % (n) |
49.9 (1,200) |
47.9 (1,153) |
48.1 (1,156) |
0.312 |
|
Prevalence of hypertension, % (n) |
83.1 (1,998) |
82.1 (1,976) |
83.0 (1,995) |
0.639 |
|
Prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, % (n) |
73.6 (1,769) |
71.7 (1,726) |
71.4 (1,716) |
0.190 |
|
Family history of coronary heart disease, % (n) |
22.3 (536) |
22.1 (531) |
22.6 (544) |
0.899 |
|
Medication use, % (n) |
|
|
|
|
| Oral antidiabetic drugs |
33.6 (808) |
31.4 (756) |
31.6 (759) |
0.195 |
| Antihypertensive drugs |
71.9 (1,728) |
72.4 (1,743) |
73.9 (1,777) |
0.264 |
| Statins |
40.4 (972) |
40.5 (974) |
39.8 (958) |
0.880 |
|
Modified MedDiet score (12-point score) |
6.9 ± 1.7 |
7.0 ± 1.7 |
7.2 ± 1.7 |
<0.001 |
|
Total energy intake (kcal/d) |
2,266 ± 479 |
2,242 ± 668 |
2,199 ± 457 |
<0.001 |
|
Total olive oil (g/d) |
21.4 ± 8.00 |
38.8 ± 11.6 |
56.9 ± 10.8 |
<0.001 |
|
Extra virgin olive oil (g/d) |
9.1 ± 11.2 |
19.5 ± 20.0 |
34.6 ± 27.4 |
<0.001 |
|
Common olive oil (g/d) |
12.1 ± 11.7 |
18.6 ± 18.5 |
21.7 ± 25.9 |
<0.001 |
|
Alcohol (g/d) |
8.51 ± 14.1 |
9.41 ± 15.5 |
7.06 ± 12.2 |
<0.001 |
|
Nuts (g/d) |
11.3 ± 14.8 |
10.2 ± 14.2 |
8.7 ± 11.5 |
<0.001 |
|
Vegetables (g/d) |
346 ± 156 |
328 ± 145 |
327 ± 137 |
<0.001 |
|
Fruit (g/d) |
389 ± 219 |
363 ± 196 |
351 ± 184 |
<0.001 |
|
Red meat (beef, pork, lamb) (g/d) |
79.6 ± 49.1 |
79.1 ± 46.1 |
70.4 ± 41.2 |
<0.001 |
|
White meat (chicken, rabbit, turkey) (g/d) |
46.4 ± 28.2 |
45.9 ± 27.6 |
42.1 ± 27.1 |
<0.001 |
|
Eggs (g/d) |
20.5 ± 10.2 |
20.1 ± 11.5 |
19.3 ± 11.5 |
<0.001 |
|
Fish (g/d) |
95.7 ± 51.9 |
99.8 ± 52.0 |
102 ± 46.9 |
<0.001 |
| Dairy (g/d) | 407 ± 231 | 375 ± 220 | 357 ± 205 | <0.001 |
Data are expressed as means ± SD or percentage (n). P-value for comparisons across tertiles of baseline energy-adjusted olive oil consumption (Pearson chi-square test for categorical variables or 1-way analysis of variance for continuous variable) as appropriate. BMI, body mass index; EVOO, extra virgin olive oil; MedDiet, Mediterranean diet; MET, Metabolic Equivalent of Task.