Table 3.
Risk of cardiovascular events and mortality according to baseline extra-virgin olive oil intake
| |
Energy-adjusted tertiles of extra-virgin olive oil, g/day |
|
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (low) (n = 2,405) | 2 (n = 2,406) | 3 (high) (n = 2,405) | P for trend | Energy-adjusted extra virgin olive oil intake (10 g/d) | |
|
Mean extra-virgin olive oil intake |
9.1 ± 11.23 |
19.5 ± 20.0 |
34.6 ± 27.4 |
|
|
|
Major event |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cardiovascular event, % (n) |
4.6 (111) |
4.2 (101) |
2.7 (65) |
|
3.8 (277) |
| Multivariable model 1 |
1 (Ref.) |
1.01 (0.77, 1.33) |
0.60 (0.43, 0.82) |
< 0.01 |
0.89 (0.84, 0.95) |
| Multivariable model 2 |
1 (Ref.) |
1.00 (0.76, 1.32) |
0.60 (0.44, 0.84) |
< 0.01 |
0.90 (0.85, 0.95) |
| Multivariable model 3 |
1 (Ref.) |
0.99 (0.75, 1.31) |
0.61 (0.44, 0.85) |
< 0.01 |
0.90 (0.85, 0.95) |
|
Cardiovascular mortality |
1 (low) (n = 2,405) |
2 (n = 2,406) |
3 (high) (n = 2,405) |
P for trend
|
|
| Cardiovascular mortality, % (n) |
1.3 (32) |
1.2 (28) |
0.9 (21) |
|
1.1 (81) |
| Multivariable model 1 |
1 (Ref.) |
1.01 (0.60, 1.70) |
0.64 (0.36, 1.15) |
0.10 |
0.93 (0.84, 1.03) |
| Multivariable model 2 |
1 (Ref.) |
0.99 (0.59, 1.67) |
0.64 (0.36, 1.15) |
0.10 |
0.93 (0.83, 1.03) |
| Multivariable model 3 |
1 (Ref.) |
0.97 (0.58, 1.64) |
0.65 (0.36, 1.17) |
0.13 |
0.93 (0.84, 1.03) |
|
Cancer mortality |
1 (low) (n = 2,405) |
2 (n = 2,406) |
3 (high) (n = 2,405) |
P for trend
|
|
| Cancer mortality, % (n) |
2.1 (50) |
1.7 (41) |
1.6 (39) |
|
1.8 (130) |
| Multivariable model 1 |
1 (Ref.) |
0.90 (0.59, 1.37) |
0.87 (0.56, 1.37) |
0.61 |
0.96 (0.88, 1.04) |
| Multivariable model 2 |
1 (Ref.) |
0.88 (0.58, 1.35) |
0.88 (0.56, 1.39) |
0.68 |
0.96 (0.89, 1.05) |
| Multivariable model 3 |
1 (Ref.) |
0.89 (0.58, 1.35) |
0.90 (0.57, 1.41) |
0.73 |
0.97 (0.89, 1.05) |
|
All-cause mortality |
1 (low) (n = 2,405) |
2 (n = 2,406) |
3 (high) (n = 2,405) |
P for trend
|
|
| All causes of mortality, % (n) |
5.2 (125) |
4.2 (100) |
4.1 (98) |
|
4.5 (323) |
| Multivariable model 1 |
1 (Ref.) |
0.88 (0.67, 1.15) |
0.81 (0.61, 1.07) |
0.19 |
0.95 (0.91, 1.00) |
| Multivariable model 2 |
1 (Ref.) |
0.84 (0.64, 1.10) |
0.80 (0.60, 1.07) |
0.20 |
0.95 (0.90, 1.00) |
| Multivariable model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.84 (0.64, 1.10) | 0.82 (0.61, 1.09) | 0.25 | 0.96 (0.91, 1.01) |
Cox regression models were used to assess the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality by baseline energy-adjusted tertiles of extra virgin olive oil (g/day) and as a continuous variable (10 g/d). Results were presented as Hazard Ratios (95% CI). Multivariable model 1 was adjusted for age (years), sex and the intervention group. Model 2 was also adjusted for body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2), smoking status (never, former, current smoker), alcohol intake (continuous, adding a quadratic term), educational level (illiterate/primary education, secondary education, academic/graduate), leisure time physical activity (Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET)-minutes/d), prevalence of diabetes (yes/no), prevalence of hypertension (yes/no), prevalence of hypercholesterolemia (yes/no), use of antihypertensive medication (yes/no) and use of statins (yes/no). Model 3 was also adjusted for Mediterranean diet adherence (Modified 12-point Mediterranean Diet score). All models were stratified by recruitment center. Extremes of total energy intake were excluded. A major event was a composite of myocardial infarction, stroke and death from cardiovascular causes.