Table 1.
Associations between qualitative HPV viral load and demographic and clinical factors among HR-HPVs (n=802) detected at baseline
| HIV-negative (N=403) | HIV-positive (N=399) | All HR-HPVs (N=802) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Qualitative viral load | Unadjusted analysis | Qualitative viral load | Unadjusted analysis | Unadjusted analysis (N=802) | ||||
| Low (1–2) | High (3–4) | PRR (95% CI) | Low (1–2) | High (3–4) | PRR (95% CI) | PRR (95% CI) | ||
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |||||
| All HR-HPVs | 200 (48.1) | 203 (52.6) | 216 (51.9) | 183 (47.4) | ||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| 15–24 | 56 (28.0) | 85 (41.9) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 34 (15.7) | 28 (15.3) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | |
| 25–29 | 73 (36.5) | 61 (30.1) | 0.76 (0.54–1.06) | 46 (21.3) | 52 (28.4) | 1.12 (0.74–1.84) | 0.88 (0.67–1.14) | |
| 30–34 | 43 (21.5) | 30 (14.9) | 0.68 (0.45–1.05) | 69 (31.9) | 56 (30.6) | 0.98 (0.63–1.54) | 0.78 (0.59–1.04) | |
| 35+ | 28 (14.0) | 27 (13.3) | 0.82 (0.53–1.28) | 67 (31.0) | 47 (25.7) | 0.91 (0.57–1.44) | 0.79 (0.59–1.06) | |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Not married | 16 (8.0) | 36 (17.7) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 11 (5.1) | 12 (6.6) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref.) | |
| Currently married | 181 (90.5) | 162 (79.8) | 0.68 (0.47–1.00) | 164 (75.9) | 144 (78.7) | 0.89 (0.50–1.57) | 0.73 (0.54–1.00) | |
| Previously married | 3 (1.5) | 5 (2.5) | 0.90 (0.35–2.34) | 31 (19.0) | 27 (14.8) | 0.75 (0.39–1.46) | 0.66 (0.42–1.03) | |
| Number of sexual partners during the past year | ||||||||
| 0–1 | 97 (48.5) | 101 (49.8) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 113 (52.3) | 85 (46.6) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |
| 2 | 63 (31.5) | 69 (34.0) | 1.01 (0.73–1.4) | 53 (29.2) | 63 (34.4) | 1.16 (0.84–1.61) | 1.09 (0.87–1.37) | |
| 3 | 23 (11.5) | 24 (11.8) | 1.00 (0.72–1.59) | 27 (12.5) | 21 (11.5) | 1.02 (0.63–1.63) | 1.01 (0.73–1.41) | |
| 4+ | 17 (8.5) | 9 (4.4) | 0.66 (0.31–1.36) | 13 (6.0) | 14 (7.7) | 1.21 (0.69–2.12) | 0.91 (0.58–1.42) | |
| Condom use | ||||||||
| Never | 90 (45.2) | 96 (48.0) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 107 (49.8) | 81 (45.0) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | |
| Sometimes | 85 (42.7) | 83 (41.5) | 0.97 (0.71–1.31) | 95 (44.2) | 92 (51.1) | 1.15 (0.85–1.56) | 1.05 (0.85–1.30) | |
| Always | 24 (12.1) | 21 (10.5) | 0.87 (0.51–1.47) | 13 (6.1) | 7 (3.9) | 0.81 (0.37–1.78) | 0.89 (0.59–1.37) | |
| Genital ulcer disease (self-reported) | ||||||||
| No | 188 (94.0) | 177 (87.2) | 1.00 (ref) | 143 (66.2) | 133 (72.7) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | |
| Yes | 12 (6.0) | 26 (12.8) | 1.43 (0.93–2.20) | 73 (33.8) | 50 (27.3) | 0.84 (0.1–1.12) | 0.98 (0.76–1.27) | |
| Urethral discharge (self-reported) | ||||||||
| No | 192 (96.0) | 190 (93.6) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 174 (80.6) | 148 (80.9) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | |
| Yes | 8 (4.0) | 13 (6.4) | 1.25 (0.70–2.24) | 42 (19.4) | 35 (19.1) | 0.98 (0.69–1.43) | 1.02 (0.75–1.39) | |
| HSV-2 status | ||||||||
| Negative | 106 (53.0) | 108 (53.2) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 32 (14.8) | 36 (19.7) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | |
| Baseline indeterminate | 20 (10.0) | 29 (14.3) | 1.15 (0.74–1.78) | 29 (13.4) | 20 (10.9) | 0.77 (0.45–1.33) | 0.97 (0.70–1.35) | |
| Prevalent positive | 74 (37.0) | 66 (32.5) | 0.94 (0.69–1.28) | 155 (71.8) | 127 (69.4) | 0.85 (0.59–1.23) | 0.90 (0.72–1.11) | |
| Trial Arm | ||||||||
| No circumcision | 107 (53.5) | 109 (53.7) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 121 (56.0) | 88 (48.1) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | |
| Circumcision | 93 (46.5) | 94 (46.3) | 0.99 (0.74–1.32) | 95 (43.4) | 95 (51.9) | 1.18 (0.90–1.58) | 1.08 (0.88–1.32) | |
| Multiple HR-HPV infections* | ||||||||
| No | 89 (44.5) | 88 (43.4) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 35 (16.2) | 27 (14.8) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | |
| Yes | 111 (55.5) | 115 (56.6) | 1.02 (0.76–1.36) | 181 (83.8) | 156 (85.2) | 1.06 (0.71–1.60) | 1.00 (0.80–1.24) | |
| Detection of beta-globin at baseline | ||||||||
| Yes | 168 (84.0) | 179 (88.2) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 207 (95.8) | 176 (96.2) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | |
| No | 32 (16.0) | 24 (11.8) | 0.77 (0.48–1.22) | 9 (4.2) | 7 (3.83) | 0.95 (0.45–2..02) | 0.87 (0.60–1.23) | |
*
HR-HPVs in an individual with multiple HR-HPVs (between 2 and 9 co-infecting viruses).