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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Prev Med. 2014 Jun;46(6):605–616. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2014.01.009

Table 3.

Mutually adjusted regression equationsa predicting weekly MVPA (hours) based on neighborhood, school, friend, family, personal factors

Boys (n=1307) Girls (n=1486)
β b SE p β b SE p
Personal
 PA self-efficacy 0.377 0.059 <0.001 * 0.213 0.051 <0.001 *
 PA barriers −0.071 0.044 0.105 −0.127 0.033 <0.001 *
 PA enjoyment −0.231 0.066 <0.001 * −0.181 0.047 <0.001 *
 PA self-management 0.255 0.044 <0.001 * 0.295 0.039 <0.001 *
 Sport participation 0.839 0.293 0.004 * 0.620 0.236 0.009 *
  Adjusted R2 (5 personal factors) c 0.223 0.221
Family
 Home PA resources −0.060 0.108 0.577 0.094 0.083 0.258
 Parent-reported weekly PA 0.045 0.025 0.073 0.021 0.022 0.340
 Perceived mom’s PA −0.125 0.150 0.405 −0.125 0.117 0.285
 Perceived dad’s PA 0.139 0.132 0.294 0.216 0.109 0.048 *
 Parent active with child 0.062 0.090 0.495 −0.118 0.071 0.097
 Parent helps child be active 0.155 0.069 0.026 * 0.205 0.059 0.001 *
 Family support for PA 0.053 0.094 0.573 0.026 0.074 0.727
  Adjusted R2 (7 family factors) c 0.090 0.098
Friends
 Friend support for PA 0.189 0.067 0.005 * 0.127 0.057 0.025 *
 Male friends’ MVPAd 0.024 0.038 0.525 0.065 0.034 0.060
 Female friends’ MVPAd 0.083 0.045 0.070 0.104 0.035 0.004 *
 Male friends play sportsd 0.536 0.347 0.122 0.330 0.350 0.347
 Female friends play sportsd 0.000 0.382 1.000 −0.317 0.290 0.276
  Adjusted R2 (5 friend factors) c 0.107 0.106
School
 Currently taking P.E. 0.476 0.279 0.088 0.433 0.241 0.072
 Total indoor PA facilities −0.095 0.203 0.642 0.175 0.168 0.298
 Total outdoor PA facilities −0.484 0.406 0.233 0.160 0.315 0.611
 P.E. facilities well maintained −0.164 0.414 0.692 −0.432 0.323 0.182
 Activity fee 2.520 1.623 0.121 −0.348 1.300 0.789
 Late bus −1.889 1.359 0.165 −0.664 1.052 0.528
 Sport bus 0.796 1.142 0.486 0.515 0.901 0.567
 School promoting PA 0.067 0.656 0.919 −0.678 0.519 0.191
 School effort promoting PA 0.742 0.828 0.370 0.012 0.652 0.986
 District effort promoting PA −0.463 0.468 0.322 0.239 0.380 0.529
 Student campaign involvement 0.846 0.560 0.130 −0.645 0.476 0.176
 Groups use school PA facilities −0.857 0.715 0.231 0.274 0.586 0.641
 Teams use school PA facilities 0.595 0.998 0.551 −0.638 0.815 0.434
 Open gym in school PA facilities −0.960 1.056 0.364 −0.148 0.826 0.858
  Adjusted R2 (14 school factors) c 0.041 0.059
Neighborhood e
 Neighborhood safety −0.049 0.163 0.764 0.017 0.133 0.901
 Crime (density) −0.370 0.321 0.250 0.451 0.254 0.076
 Green space (distance) −0.061 0.266 0.819 −0.232 0.224 0.302
 Green space (%) 0.278 0.305 0.362 0.476 0.263 0.071
 Recreation center (distance) 0.031 0.266 0.907 −0.084 0.218 0.699
 Recreation center (density) 0.076 0.300 0.801 0.133 0.251 0.595
 Gym (distance) −0.409 0.421 0.332 0.101 0.360 0.780
 Gym (density) −0.399 0.408 0.329 −0.102 0.362 0.778
 Trail (distance) 0.258 0.264 0.329 0.681 0.230 0.003 *
 Transit stops (density) −0.255 0.292 0.382 −0.101 0.262 0.699
 Busy streets (density) −0.224 0.272 0.410 0.324 0.225 0.150
 Access points (density) 0.239 0.324 0.461 −0.157 0.271 0.562
 School (distance) −0.124 0.268 0.643 −0.238 0.228 0.296
 Woman-headed households (%) 0.144 0.334 0.666 −0.112 0.290 0.700
 High school graduates (%) −0.317 0.356 0.374 0.040 0.310 0.899
 Median household income −0.022 0.419 0.958 −0.535 0.329 0.104
 Below poverty (%) 0.306 0.431 0.478 −0.470 0.345 0.173
 Age <18 years (%) −0.590 0.340 0.083 0.272 0.294 0.355
 Population (density) −0.298 0.328 0.364 −0.247 0.285 0.387
  Adjusted R2 (19 neighborhood factors) c 0.024 0.045
 Adjusted R2 (50 variables + demographics) c 0.250 0.268
*

Note: and boldface indicates p<0.05.

a

All predictor variables included simultaneously in models predicting MVPA for boys and girls; all regression models were stratified by gender and controlled for adolescent age, SES, and race/ethnicity.

b

The units for all β coefficients are in MVPA hours per the unit of the predictor; if the predictor is dichotomous, then the β represents the difference in MVPA hours between an adolescent with the predictor equal to one compared to an adolescent with the predictor equal to zero.

c

Adjusted R2 values were examined for the full mutually adjusted models (all 50 factors) to determine the total variance explained by all variables. Additional models were fit including only the variables from one level of potential influence (i.e., personal, family, friend, school, and neighborhood) at a time in order to obtain the variance explained by each block of variables.

d

Friend variables representing nominated friend data were adjusted for the number of male and female friends nominated and present in the sample.

e

All neighborhood variables were initially measured on continuous scales but were dichotomized at their median for analysis to facilitate interpretation and to avoid influence of outlying values arising from the right skew inherent in these measures.

MVPA, moderate to vigorous physical activity; PA, physical activity; P.E., physical education