Table 1.

Model Parameters

Parameter		Purpose	Value
Encoding
Base linking rate /s	γ	Rate of link formation between active buffer items	.074/s
Direct link strength,  Forward	μ	Strength of direct link from one perceived item to the next	.10
Direct link strength,  Reverse	ν	Strength of direct link from one perceived item to the previous	0
Retrieval
Strong link bias	α	Non-linearity in transfer function between link strength and transition probability.	3.96
Buffer recall  preference	β	Addition to link strengths to preference retrieval of items currently maintained in buffer	0.19
Buffer
Base disruption:  coefficient	χ	Probability that items in buffer will be lost upon presentation of new item – the realization of the effortful hypothesis.	.001
Exponent	λ	P(disruption with occupancy = k) = χ kλ.	3.84
Base disruption  during recall	φ	Probability of item loss from buffer during recall (c.f. output interference)	.002
Masked buffer  disruption	ξ	Additional disruption probability when new item is masked	.21
Masked buffer  rejection	ζ	Probability that a masked item will not be stored in the buffer	.30
Disruption  persistence	ρ	Multiplier for successively attenuating the disruption probability applied to the 1st and 2nd words following the masked position	.45
Buffer potentiation  rate	κ	Reduction in disruption probability, accumulated as an item remains in buffer — reflects synaptic potentiation of afferents to neurons representing items.	.002
Extra unidirectional  direct link	η	Added direct link from current buffer items to current entrant, reflecting the causal bias in Hebbian plasticity. (c.f. Miller & Wingfield 2010).	.09

Note. All simulation results presented herein are from a model defined by the parameters listed in the table above, which were fit to the 1s behavioral data.