Table 2.
Comparison of mean differences energy and nutrient between seasons
| Nutrient intake* |
Spring |
Summer |
Autumn |
Season |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Summer |
Autumn |
Winter |
Autumn |
Winter |
Winter |
||||||||
| Mean difference | P-value† | Mean difference | P-value† | Mean difference | P-value† | Mean difference | P-value† | Mean difference | P-value† | Mean difference | P-value† | P-value† | |
| Energy(kcal) |
26.8 |
0.7 |
98.3 |
0.2 |
120.5 |
0.1 |
71.5 |
0.3 |
93.7 |
0.2 |
22.2 |
0.7 |
0.4 |
| Protein(g) |
0.9 |
0.7 |
-0.9 |
0.7 |
-4 |
0.1 |
-1.8 |
0.4 |
-5 |
0.05 |
-3.1 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
| Carbohydrate(g) |
-11.2 |
0.06 |
-15.2 |
0.014 |
-4.7 |
0.4 |
-4 |
0.5 |
6.4 |
0.2 |
10.4 |
0.08 |
0.06 |
| Fat(g) |
4.6 |
0.06 |
7.2 |
0.005 |
3.5 |
0.1 |
2.6 |
0.2 |
-1 |
0.6 |
-3.7 |
0.1 |
0.04 |
| Cholesterol(mg) |
-11.9 |
0.5 |
8.3 |
0.6 |
-9.4 |
0.6 |
20.2 |
0.3 |
2.4 |
0.9 |
-17.8 |
0.3 |
0.7 |
| MUFA(mg) |
0.8 |
0.4 |
2.7 |
0.03 |
0.1 |
0.8 |
1.8 |
0.1 |
-0.7 |
0.5 |
-2.5 |
0.04 |
0.1 |
| PUFA(mg) |
4 |
0.005 |
3 |
0.03 |
2.8 |
0.04 |
-0.9 |
0.4 |
-1.2 |
0.3 |
-0.2 |
0.8 |
0.03 |
| SFA(mg) |
-0.1 |
0.8 |
0.6 |
0.5 |
1 |
0.2 |
0.7 |
0.4 |
1.2 |
0.1 |
0.4 |
0.1 |
0.5 |
| Total fiber(g) |
2.8 |
0.1 |
1.7 |
0.3 |
-0.1 |
0.9 |
-1.1 |
1.8 |
-3 |
0.08 |
-1.9 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
| Vitamin A(μg) |
77.1 |
0.5 |
113.7 |
0.3 |
-23.6 |
0.8 |
36.5 |
0.7 |
-100.8 |
0.3 |
-137.4 |
0.2 |
0.5 |
| Vitamin E(mg) |
1 |
0.2 |
1.4 |
0.08 |
1.1 |
0.1 |
0.4 |
0.6 |
0.07 |
0.9 |
-0.3 |
0.6 |
0.3 |
| Vitamin D(μg) |
-0.2 |
0.7 |
0.08 |
0.9 |
-0.3 |
0.6 |
0.3 |
0.6 |
-0.04 |
0.9 |
-0.3 |
0.6 |
0.9 |
| Vitamin K(μg) |
70.6 |
0.000 |
70.7 |
0<001 |
62.2 |
0.001 |
0.09 |
0.9 |
-8.4 |
0.6 |
-8.5 |
0.6 |
0.000 |
| Vitamin B12(μg) |
1 |
0.1 |
0.9 |
0.2 |
0.4 |
0.5 |
-0.1 |
0.8 |
-0.6 |
0.3 |
-0.5 |
0.4 |
0.4 |
| Vitamin C(mg) |
41.5 |
0.000 |
1.3 |
0.9 |
-21.1 |
0.055 |
-40.1 |
0.000 |
-62.6 |
0.000 |
-22.4 |
0.04 |
0.000 |
| Iron(mg) |
1.1 |
0.03 |
0.6 |
0.2 |
0.9 |
0.08 |
-0.5 |
0.3 |
-0.2 |
0.6 |
0.2 |
0.6 |
0.1 |
| Folate(μg) |
78.6 |
0.000 |
62 |
0.001 |
34.4 |
0.05 |
-16.6 |
0.3 |
-44.1 |
0.01 |
-27.5 |
0.1 |
0.000 |
| Zinc(mg) |
0.7 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
0.6 |
0.2 |
0.5 |
-0.4 |
0.3 |
-0.4 |
0.3 |
0.009 |
0.9 |
0.4 |
| Calcium(mg) |
16.7 |
0.7 |
-46.1 |
0.3 |
19.1 |
0.7 |
-62.8 |
0.2 |
2.4 |
0.9 |
65.3 |
0.2 |
0.5 |
| Magnesium(mg) |
35.1 |
0.016 |
12.6 |
0.3 |
13.9 |
0.3 |
-22.5 |
0.1 |
-21.2 |
0.1 |
1.3 |
0.9 |
0.1 |
| Omega-3(g) | 4.8 | 0.1 | 4.8 | 0.1 | 1.9 | 0.5 | -0.03 | 0.9 | -2.8 | 0.3 | -2.8 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
The level of significance was considered at p < 0.05.
†Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).
*Analyses were adjusted for energy intake except energy.