CD8+ T cell-mediated inhibition of luciferase expression in mice upon HTV injection of plasmid DNA, co-encoding genes for a malaria antigen and luciferase, by immunization with rAd expressing the antigen. (a) CD8+ T cell population was depleted from malaria vaccine-immunized mice before HTV injection with plasmid DNA co-encoding a malaria antigen and luciferase, and luciferase expression was assessed by noninvasive bioluminescence imaging; (b) The bioluminescent signal intensity was quantified in various groups of mice upon HTV injection of plasmid DNA co-encoding a malaria antigen and luciferase. The groups include naïve mice, malaria vaccine-immunized mice, and malaria vaccine-immunized mice that were depleted of CD8+ T cells in vivo.