. 2012 Nov 15;3(4):839–863. doi: 10.3390/jfb3040839

Table 1.

Test methods and relative brain measures.

Test Method	Measured Property	ASTM Standards	Measured CNS data	Refs.
Magnetic Resonance Elastography	Shear Modulus	N/A	HUMAN: Grey 5.22 kPa;	[191]
	Shear Modulus		White 13.6 kPa @ 100 Hz	[191]
	Shear Storage/ Loss Modulus		HUMAN: G' (Storage) = 1.13 kPa;	[192]
	Shear Storage/ Loss Modulus		G" (Loss) = 0.935 kPa @100 Hz	[192]
	Shear Modulus		HUMAN: 3.5 kPa @ 83.33 Hz	[193,194]
			G'(Storage) Grey matter = 3.1 kPa
			G'(Storage) White matter = 2.7 kPa @200 Hz
Dynamic Testing	Shear Storage/ Loss Modulus	D4065	PRIMATE: G' = 0.6-1.1 kPa;	[194]
	Shear Storage/ Loss Modulus		G" = 0.35-0.6 kPa @ 9-10 Hz	[194]
	Dynamic Elastic Modulus		HUMAN : E' = 67 kPa; E" = 26 kPa;	[195]
			E*=72 kPa @ 34 Hz
			PRIMATE : E' = 91 kPa; E" = 54 kPa;
			E* = 105 kPa @ 31 Hz
	Dynamic Storage/ Loss Modulus		HUMAN: Storage: 0.39 kPa, 0.47 kPa, 0.65 kPa	[196]
			Loss: 0.075 kPa, 0.094 kPa, 0.190 kPa @ 0.1,
			1 and 10 Hz respectively
Compression Testing	Elastic Modulus	D1621, D695, D575	PORCINE 5.7 kPa @ 1 s⁻¹;	[197]
	Elastic Modulus		11.9 kPa @ 10 s⁻¹; 23.8 kPa @ 50 s⁻¹	[197]
	Shear ModulusMooney Rivlin Material Model		BOVINE : 2.26 kPa	[198]
	Shear ModulusMooney Rivlin Material Model		(Equation constants for Mooney-Rivlin Model)	[198]
	Elastic Modulus		PORCINE: 38.5 kPa	[199]
Tensile Testing	Elastic Modulus	D1708	PORCINE: 4.2 kPa @ .9 s⁻¹;	[197]
Tensile Testing	Elastic Modulus	D1708	4.0 kPa @ 4.3 s⁻¹; 18.6 kPa @ 25 s⁻¹	[197]
Pressure/Volume Testing	Elastic Modulus	N/A	PRIMATE (in vivo): 10.0-3.50 kpa	[200]
Relaxation Testing	Relaxation Modulus	D6048	HUMAN: 6.6 kPa @ 34 Hz	[196]
Relaxation Testing	Relaxation Modulus	D6048	PRIMATE: 10.3 kPa @ 31 Hz	[196]
Indentation Testing	Shear Modulus	E2546	PORCINE: Grey Matter 0.74 kPa;	[201]*
	Shear Modulus		White Matter 1.03 kPa @ 0.1 mm/s	[201]*
	Elastic/Shear Modulus		RAT: 13-17 day old: 3.34 kPa;	[202]*
	Elastic/Shear Modulus		43-90 day old: 1.72 kPa	[202]*
	Shear modulus and Relaxtion functions		PORCINE: Short Term: In vivo 1.88 kPa;	[203]
			In Situ 2.80 kPa; In Vitro 1.36 kPa
			Long Term: In vivo 0.685 kPa;
			In Situ 0.926 kPa; In Vitro 0.468 kPa
Atomic Force Microscopy	Elastic/Shear Modulus	E42,	RAT (hippocampus): pyramidal layer:	[204]
		E42,	CA1 0.14 kPa; CA3 0.23 kPa
		E2382	stratum radiatum: CA1 0.17 kPa;
		E2382	CA3 0.31 kPa @ 3µm indentation

* It should be noted that these authors calculated Shear Modulus from indentation data per a formula derived by Lee and Radok in 1960. This value is normally calculated using dynamic or oscillatory methods. ASTM standard provides guidelines for using indentation to calculate Elastic modulus.