Table 1.
Study cohort characteristics by child’s age groupa.
| CCCEH | Children with residential monitoring
|
Children with urine collection
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Cohort 727 |
Prenatal 98 |
5 Year 397 |
9 Year 143 |
3 Year 409 |
5 Year 431 |
7 Year 342 |
9 Year 253 |
| Subject characteristics | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||||
| Dominican | 473 (65.1) | 67 (68.4) | 256 (64.5) | 85 (59.4) | 244 (59.7)* | 264 (61.3)* | 189 (55.3)* | 143 (56.5)* |
| African | 254 | 31 | 141 | 58 | 165 | 167 | 153 | 110 |
| American | (34.9) | (31.6) | (35.5) | (40.6) | (40.3) | (38.7) | (44.7) | (43.5) |
| Sex of child | ||||||||
| Girls | 376 (51.7) | 52 (53.1) | 213 (53.7) | 77 (53.8) | 218 (53.3) | 233 (54.1) | 184 (53.8) | 135 (53.4) |
| Boys | 351 (48.3) | 46 (46.9) | 184 (46.3) | 66 (46.2) | 191 (46.7) | 198 (45.9) | 158 (46.2) | 118 (46.6) |
| Maternal education | ||||||||
| ≥ High school | 456 (64.0) | 52 (53.1)* | 246 (62.1) | 85 (59.9) | 255 (63.3) | 272 (64.6) | 217 (65.4) | 157 (63.3) |
|
| ||||||||
| Home characteristics | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Smoker in homeb | 246 (34.3) | 35 (36.1) | 66 (16.9) | 17 (12.1) | 87 (21.3) | 79 (18.6) | 61 (18.1) | 32 (13.0) |
| Gas stove cooking | 686 (95.5) | 92 (97.9) | 370 (94.4)* | 128 (91.4) | 379 (93.1) | 399 (93.9)* | 315 (92.9)* | 229 (92.7) |
| Burning candles | 357 (49.4) | 51 (52.6) | 187 (47.5) | 66 (47.1) | 196 (48.3) | 201 (47.0) | 154 (45.2) | 110 (44.5) |
| Burning incense | 165 (23.1) | 20 (20.6) | 79 (20.1) | 29 (20.7) | 90 (22.2) | 102 (23.9) | 77 (22.6) | 55 (22.4) |
a
Includes participants with at least one residential air monitoring sample or urine sample. Number (percent) are presented; Chi-square (χ2) tests conducted to compare study cohort characteristic between the children included in the analysis and those excluded due to missing PAH indoor monitoring or urine collection within each age group;
b
The proportion reporting the current exposure to ETS at prenatal was statistically higher compared to those at ages 5 and 9 years (χ2; p<0.001); boldface type indicates statistical significance with *p-value<0.05.