Table 1. Comparisons of effects of luminal pathogens/toxins on intestinal permeability increase.

Pathogen/Toxin	Cell Line	Strain	Infection Dose	Infection time	Permeability Increase (fold change normalized to control)	Reference
Blastocystis	Caco-2	ST-7 (H)	108/ml	24 h	16	Current study
		ST-7 (G)			11.8
		ST-7 (C)			14.5
		ST-7 (B)			5.5
		ST-7 (E)			4.2
		ST-4 (WR-1)			NSa
		ST-4 (S-1)			NSa
Clostridium difficile	T84	Clostridium difficile Toxin A	10 nM	5 h	3	[106]
Cryptosporidium parvum	Caco-2	GCH1, UCP	2×105/ml	48 h	2.14	[107]
			2×106/ml		18.6
Entamoeba histolytica	Human intestinal xenografts	HM1:IMSS strain	107/ml	24 h	>100	[108]
Giardia lamblia	SCBN	NF strain	2×107/ml	24 h	>4	[109]
				48 h	9
	SCBN	S2 isolate	107/ml	24 h	>40	[110]
	SCBN	S2 isolate	106/ml	2 h	5.6	[111]

^aNS, Not Significant.