Table 2. Hazard ratios of lung cancer between COPD without T2DM and control subjects as well as COPD with T2DM and control subjects stratified by demographics and comorbidity.
| . | Control (N = 20729) | Without T2DM (N = 14910) | Crude HR * (95% CI) | Adjusted HR† | With T2DM (N = 5820) | Crude HR* (95% CI) | Adjusted HR† | |||
| Case | Rate# | Case | Rate# | (95% CI) | Case | Rate# | (95% CI) | |||
| All | 167 | 0.98 | 568 | 5.13 | 5.30(4.46, 6.29)*** | 5.38(4.52,6.40)*** | 161 | 3.94 | 4.10(3.30,5.09)*** | 4.05(3.26, 5.03)*** |
| Gender | ||||||||||
| Female | 34 | 0.53 | 106 | 2.71 | 5.09(3.46, 7.48)*** | 5.33(3.61,7.86)*** | 48 | 2.62 | 4.94(3.18,7.66)*** | 4.40(2.83, 6.85)*** |
| Men | 133 | 1.24 | 462 | 6.46 | 5.27(4.35, 6.39)*** | 5.37(4.43,6.53)*** | 113 | 5.02 | 4.13(3.21,5.31)*** | 3.94(3.06,5.07)*** |
| Age | ||||||||||
| <65 | 33 | 0.44 | 163 | 2.96 | 6.77(4.66, 9.85)*** | 6.74(4.63,9.81)*** | 39 | 2.53 | 5.87(3.69, 9.33)*** | 6.00(3.76,9.56)*** |
| 65–74 | 77 | 1.32 | 268 | 8.02 | 6.18(4.79, 7.96)*** | 6.05(4.69,7.82)*** | 85 | 5.18 | 4.02(2.95, 5.47)*** | 4.29(3.15,5.86)*** |
| ≥75 | 57 | 1.53 | 137 | 6.20 | 4.12(3.02, 5.61)*** | 3.98(2.92,5.43)*** | 37 | 4.12 | 2.75(1.82,4.17)*** | 2.93(1.93,4.45)*** |
| Urbanization level | ||||||||||
| 1 (highest) | 34 | 0.72 | 125 | 4.55 | 6.38(4.37,9.32)*** | 6.70(4.58,9.81)*** | 41 | 4.09 | 5.81(3.68,9.16)*** | 5.21(3.30,8.24)*** |
| 2 | 42 | 0.94 | 162 | 5.43 | 5.78(4.11, 8.11)*** | 6.03(4.29,8.48)*** | 43 | 3.78 | 4.05(2.64, 6.19)*** | 3.89(2.54,5.96)*** |
| 3 | 33 | 1.12 | 96 | 5.08 | 4.62(3.11, 6.86)*** | 4.31(2.89,6.44)*** | 27 | 4.28 | 3.94(2.37, 6.56)*** | 3.59(2.15,6.00)*** |
| 4 (lowest) | 58 | 1.17 | 185 | 5.37 | 4.64(3.45, 6.23)*** | 4.79(3.56,6.44)*** | 50 | 3.81 | 3.30(2.26, 4.83)*** | 3.74(2.56,5.47)*** |
| Monthly Income(NTD&) | ||||||||||
| <15,000 | 62 | 1.08 | 215 | 5.98 | 5.61(4.23,7.44)*** | 5.60(4.22,7.44)*** | 63 | 4.11 | 3.88(2.73,5.51)*** | 3.84(2.70,5.45)*** |
| 15,000–19,999 | 78 | 1.01 | 265 | 5.06 | 5.05(3.93,6.50)*** | 5.06(3.92,6.52)*** | 70 | 3.73 | 3.75(2.71,5.17)*** | 3.94(2.84,5.45)*** |
| ≥20,000 | 27 | 0.74 | 88 | 3.94 | 5.32(3.46,8.19)*** | 5.96(3.86,9.20)*** | 28 | 4.16 | 5.68(3.34,9.63)*** | 4.89(2.87, 8.33)*** |
Rate#, incidence rate of lung cancer, per 1000 person-years; &NTD: New Taiwan dollar; Crude HR*, relative hazard ratio; Adjusted HR†: multiple analysis including age, sex, urbanization, monthly income(NTD) and co-morbidities of pneumoconiosis, interstitial lung disease, and pulmonary TB; ***model p<0.001.