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Differentiating morphine from heroin analgesia. Knockout (KO) mice that lacked exon 1 but still expressed exon 11 and the truncated six-transmembrane variants were tested in the radiant heat tailflick assay for analgesia and compared with wild-type controls. Drugs included morphine, heroin, and the morphine metabolite morphine-6β-glucuronide (M6G). Data adapted.47
