Table 1.
Characteristics of patients who underwent ureteral stent and nephrostomy
| Variables | Ureteral stent group | Nephrostomy group | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | ||
| Patients | 36 | 9 | |||
| Age (years) | |||||
| Median [range] | 70 [33–98] | 62 [49–81] | |||
| Mean ± SD | 66.6 ± 16.8 | 65.3 ± 12.0 | 0.831 | ||
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 8 | 22.2 | 7 | 77.8 | |
| Female | 28 | 77.8 | 2 | 22.2 | 0.003 |
| Performance status | |||||
| 0 | 19 | 52.8 | 6 | 66.7 | |
| 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 11.1 | |
| 2 | 7 | 19.4 | 0 | 0.0 | |
| 3 | 5 | 13.9 | 0 | 0.0 | |
| 4 | 5 | 13.9 | 2 | 22.2 | 0.109 |
| Diabetes mellitus | |||||
| Negative | 21 | 58.3 | 7 | 77.8 | |
| Positive | 15 | 41.7 | 2 | 22.2 | 0.249 |
| Cardiovascular or neurologic disease | |||||
| Negative | 23 | 63.9 | 7 | 77.8 | |
| Positive | 13 | 36.1 | 2 | 22.2 | 0.356 |
| Immunocompromised status | |||||
| Negative | 32 | 88.9 | 8 | 88.9 | |
| Positive | 4 | 11.1 | 1 | 11.1 | 0.691 |
| History of urinary tract abnormalities | |||||
| Negative | 36 | 100.0 | 6 | 66.7 | |
| Positive | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 33.3 | 0.006 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | |||||
| Median [range] | 1.2 [0.4–7.8] | 2.5 [1.1–7.0] | |||
| Mean ± SD | 1.6 ± 1.4 | 2.8 ± 1.7 | 0.042 | ||
| eGFR (mL/min./1.73 m2) | |||||
| Median [range] | 40.8 [4.4–112.3] | 20.6 [7.1–42.3] | |||
| Mean ± SD | 44.1 ± 25.6 | 23.6 ± 11.3 | 0.025 | ||
| Leukocyte counts (× 103/μL) | |||||
| Median [range] | 13.5 [1.8–47.0] | 15.6 [9.1–27.9] | |||
| Mean ± SD | 15.9 ± 9.0 | 15.9 ± 6.4 | 0.999 | ||
| C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | |||||
| Median [range] | 12.9 [0.0–39.6] | 18.5 [1.8–30.4] | |||
| Mean ± SD | 13.6 ± 9.3 | 16.0 ± 10.1 | 0.505 | ||
| Platelet counts (× 104/μL) | |||||
| Median [range] | 15.3 [2.4–48.1] | 15.6 [7.4–60.1] | |||
| Mean ± SD | 17.4 ± 9.8 | 20.2 ± 16.2 | 0.515 | ||
| Serum albumin (g/dL) | |||||
| Median [range] | 3.0 [1.9–4.5] | 3.0 [1.8–4.3] | |||
| Mean ± SD | 3.0 ± 0.7 | 3.1 ± 0.9 | 0.821 | ||
| Midstream urine culture | |||||
| Negative | 7 | 19.4 | 2 | 22.2 | |
| Positive | 29 | 80.6 | 7 | 77.8 | 0.586 |
| Blood culture | |||||
| Negative | 25 | 69.4 | 6 | 66.7 | |
| Positive | 11 | 30.6 | 3 | 33.3 | 0.583 |
| Hydronephrosis | |||||
| Low-grade | 18 | 50.0 | 0 | 0.0 | |
| High-grade | 18 | 50.0 | 9 | 100.0 | 0.005 |
| Laterality | |||||
| Right | 19 | 52.8 | 3 | 33.3 | |
| Left | 17 | 47.2 | 6 | 66.7 | 0.252 |
| Position | |||||
| Renal calyx or pelvis | 1 | 2.8 | 0 | 0.0 | |
| Pelvic ureteral junction | 3 | 8.3 | 1 | 11.1 | |
| Upper ureter | 18 | 50.0 | 5 | 55.6 | |
| Mid ureter | 5 | 13.9 | 2 | 22.2 | |
| Lower ureter | 9 | 25.0 | 1 | 11.1 | 0.861 |
| Size (mm) (mean ± SD) | |||||
| Longest diameter | |||||
| Median [range] | 7.0 [4.0–35.0] | 11.0 [8.0–19.0] | |||
| Mean ± SD | 8.7 ± 5.6 | 11.8 ± 4.0 | 0.131 | ||
| Shortest diameter | |||||
| Median [range] | 5.0 [2.0–15.0] | 7.0 [5.0–12.0] | |||
| Mean ± SD | 5.7 ± 2.8 | 7.3 ± 2.0 | 0.106 | ||
| Time to drainage (day) | |||||
| Median [range] | 1.0 [1–3] | 1.0 [1–4] | |||
| Mean ± SD | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 0.155 | ||
| Susceptibility test of initial antimicrobial treatment | |||||
| Resistant | 5 | 13.9 | 3 | 33.3 | |
| Susceptible | 31 | 86.1 | 6 | 66.7 | 0.186 |
| Time until susceptible antimicrobial treatment (day) | |||||
| Median [range] | 1.0 [1–4] | 1.0 [1–4] | |||
| Mean ± SD | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 1.8 ± 1.2 | 0.157 | ||
| Duration of symptom (day) | |||||
| Median [range] | 1.0 [1–9] | 2.0 [1–6] | |||
| Mean ± SD | 1.9 ± 1.6 | 2.2 ± 1.6 | 0.618 | ||
| Septic shock | |||||
| Negative | 18 | 50.0 | 5 | 55.6 | |
| Positive | 18 | 50.0 | 4 | 44.4 | 0.530 |
eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate