. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 May 23.

Published in final edited form as: J Biomed Mater Res A. 2008 Dec 1;87(3):792–807. doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.31824

TABLE I.

Use of Porous Materials to Promote Angiogenesis and/or Reduce Capsule Thickness Around Biomaterials or Glucose Sensors

Investigator	Porous Material	Optimal Pore Size (μm)	Application and Test Subject	EHiration of Investigation
Brauker et al.¹⁹	PTFE	5	Membrane implanted in rat subcutis	3 weeks
Sharkawy et al.²¹	PVA	60	Membrane implanted in rat subcutis	12–16 weeks
Ward et al.²⁴	ePTFE and PVA	ePTFE: 1 PVA: ~47	Membrane implanted in rat subcutis	7 weeks
Marshall et al.²⁵	HEMA hydrogels	35	Hydrogel implanted in mouse subcutis	4 weeks
Updike et al.²³	ePTFE	5–10²⁶	Glucose sensor implanted in dog subcutis	162 days^a (best of six sensors)
Yu et al.²⁷	Epoxy-enhanced polyurethane	Not specified	Glucose sensor implanted in rat subcutis	56 days^a (best of cose sensors)
Gilligan et al.²⁸	ePTFE	Not specified	Glucose sensor implanted in human subcutis	185 days^a (best of five sensors)

ePTFE, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene; PVA, polyvinyl alcohol; HEMA, hydroxyethyl methacrylate.

Maximum time sensor remained functional in vivo.