Table 1.
Dating for Branch Shortening and Population Splits
| Event | As % of human-chimp divergence | Absolute date calibration #1 in kya (μ= 1 × 10−9/bp/year) | Absolute date calibration #2 in kya (μ= 0.5 × 10−9/bp/year) | Supplement |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Altai Neandertal Branch Shortening | 0.99% – 1.05% | 64–68 | 129–136 | SI 6b |
| Denisova Branch Shortening | 0.77% – 0.84% | 50–54 | 100–109 | SI 6b |
| San-West African split | 0.66% – 1.00% | 43–65 | 86–130 | SI 12 |
| Introgressing Neandertal – Altai split | 0.58% – 0.88% | 38–57 | 77–114 | SI 13 |
| Introgressing Denisovan – Denisovan split | 2.12% – 3.10% | 138–202 | 276–403 | SI 13 |
| Neandertal-Denisova split* | 2.93% – 3.64% | 190–236 | 381–473 | SI 12 |
| Archaic-African split* | 4.23% – 5.89% | 275–383 | 550–765 | SI 12 |
| Unknown archaic split | 7.90% – 31.12% | 450–2027 | 900–4054 | SI 16a,b |
This table gives date ranges for two calibrations. The first assumes human-chimpanzee divergence of 6.5 million years and 1.30% for human-chimp divergence, or a mutation rate of 1 x 10−9/bp/year1,2,12. The second is based on direct measurement of per generation mutation rates 15–17, corresponding to a mutation rate of 0.5 × 10−9/bp/year or 13 million years ago for human-chimpanzee divergence, and may fit better with some aspects of the fossil record45,46. Intervals give the range of values over tested human genomes for branch shortening; lowest and highest estimate for two or three methods for San-West African, Neandertal-Denisova, Neandertal-African and Denisova-African split; jackknife confidence interval over introgressed chunks for the Introgressing-Archaic - Archaic splits; and a union of the jackknife confidence interval in SI 16a and the 95% highest posterior density in SI 16b for the unknown-archaic split.
The indicated values are corrected for branch shortening where relevant as described in the supplementary notes.