Table 1.
Characteristics of long-term nursing home patients in 2008, by race and ethnicity
| Characteristic | White | Black | Hispanic | Other |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| (n=690,228) | (n=123,116) | (n=37,099) | (n=17,568) | |
| % or mean±SD | % or mean±SD | % or mean±SD | % or mean±SD | |
| Social engagement item | ||||
| Interaction with others | 80.7 | 75.8 | 70.4 | 71.7 |
| Planned activities | 55.4 | 46.8 | 42.2 | 45.7 |
| Self-initiated activities | 51.2 | 41.6 | 37.0 | 40.5 |
| Establishment of own goals | 20.0 | 14.8 | 11.7 | 12.7 |
| Involvement in life of facility | 19.8 | 15.9 | 14.9 | 16.2 |
| Accepting invitations | 26.9 | 25.3 | 25.7 | 27.8 |
| Overall score (0 – 6) | 2.5±1.7 | 2.2±1.6 | 2.0±1.6 | 2.1±1.6 |
| Patient characteristic | ||||
| Age in Years | 81.5±12.9 | 74.6±15.6 | 75.1±16.1 | 77.4±15.5 |
| Male gender | 26.2 | 38.5 | 42.0 | 35.9 |
| Married | 17.1 | 12.5 | 18.9 | 23.8 |
| Activities of daily living score (0–28) | 17.0±7.8 | 17.5±8.6 | 17.3±8.6 | 17.3±8.6 |
| Cognitive performance score (0–6) | 2.9±1.7 | 3.0±1.8 | 3.2±1.8 | 3.1±1.8 |
| Hearing ability | ||||
| Adequate | 67.7 | 81.2 | 76.6 | 72.9 |
| Hears with minimal difficulty | 21.6 | 13.3 | 16.8 | 17.2 |
| Hears in special situations only | 9.0 | 4.2 | 4.9 | 8.0 |
| Highly impaired | 1.6 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 2.0 |
| Vision ability | ||||
| Adequate | 61.2 | 52.7 | 53.9 | 54.1 |
| Impaired | 20.3 | 24.0 | 23.8 | 24.2 |
| Moderately impaired | 7.5 | 8.2 | 7.8 | 8.1 |
| Highly impaired | 9.1 | 10.7 | 11.0 | 10.8 |
| Severely impaired | 2.0 | 4.5 | 3.4 | 2.8 |
| Adequate communication abilities | 51.1 | 46.4 | 39.5 | 36.6 |
| Disease diagnosis, % | ||||
| Diabetes | 28.3 | 43.2 | 44.1 | 40.9 |
| Other endocrine disease | 23.5 | 10.1 | 16.7 | 13.4 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 80.4 | 83.5 | 75.0 | 78.1 |
| Musculoskeletal disease | 51.9 | 37.8 | 36.7 | 41.6 |
| Dementia | 57.2 | 52.4 | 53.1 | 50.3 |
| Neurological disease except dementia | 39.8 | 51.0 | 45.9 | 49.4 |
| Psychiatric disorders | 66.9 | 52.6 | 59.2 | 45.9 |
| Pulmonary disease | 20.3 | 16.0 | 16.2 | 14.4 |
| Sensory disease | 23.0 | 24.8 | 22.1 | 22.5 |
| Other disease | 55.0 | 49.5 | 44.3 | 45.8 |
| Facility characteristic | ||||
| Number of beds | 146.2±100.2 | 179.4±139.8 | 185.1±170.7 | 186.8±186.2 |
| Profit status | ||||
| For-profit | 70.5 | 79.9 | 80.7 | 81.8 |
| Non-for-profit | 23.2 | 15.1 | 14.7 | 10.6 |
| Government | 6.3 | 5.0 | 4.6 | 7.6 |
| Chain-affiliated | 52.1 | 54.0 | 49.1 | 47.3 |
| Percent of Medicaid residents, % | 63.8±17.5 | 75.2±14.0 | 73.1±15.6 | 72.4±16.9 |
| County characteristic | ||||
| Competition (1-HHI) | 0.8±0.2 | 0.8±0.2 | 0.9±0.2 | 0.9±0.2 |
| Percent of population≥65 yrs | 13.9±3.5 | 12.6±2.8 | 11.9±2.8 | 12.3±2.7 |
| Rural area | 27.9 | 15.8 | 9.2 | 14.5 |
Note: P<0.001 for all comparisons among racial/ethnic groups based on χ2 test or analysis of variance.
HHI= Herfindahl-Hirschman Index.