Table A.1.
Characteristics of socially subordinate versus depressed monkeys.
| Variables | Social subordination stress | Depression |
|---|---|---|
| Body weight (BW) | Dom = Sub, Kaplan et al. (2002, 2010); BW predicts status in males but not females (Morgan et al. (2000); Riddick et al. (2009) | Nondepressed > Depressed, Shively et al. (2005) |
| Body mass index | Dom = Sub, Kaplan et al. (2010) | Nondepressed > Depressed, Shively et al. (2005) |
| Basal cortisol | Dom < Sub, Shively et al. (1997); Shively (1998) | Nondepressed = Depressed, Shively et al. (1997, 2005) |
| % change dex suppression test | Dom > Sub, Shively et al. (1997); Dom somewhat greater than Sub (p = 0.10), Shively (1998). Post-Dex cortisol Dom < Subs, Shively (1998); Kaplan et al. (2010) | Nondepressed > Depressed, Shively et al. (1997) (among subordinates only, depressed were more affected [had higher post-Dex cortisol] than nondepressed); Shively et al. (2002) |
| Cortisol R to ACTH | Dom < Sub, Kaplan et al. (1986); Shively (1998); Dom somewhat lower than Sub (p = 0.09), Shively et al. (1997) | Nondepressed = Depressed in the Shively et al. (1997) study (data not reported) |
| Cortisol R to CRH | Nondepressed > Depressed, Shively et al. (2005) | |
| Ovarian function (χ̄ peak luteal P4) | Dom > Sub, Shively et al. (1994, 2002); Kaplan et al. (2010) | Nondepressed > Depressed, Shively et al. (2002, 2005) |
| Heart Rate | Social status x time interaction in an open field test: Dom reduce heart rate faster than Sub, Shively (1998) | 24 h heart rate: Nondepressed < Depressed, Shively et al. (2002, 2005) |
| Prolactin R to fenfluramine | Dom = Sub when randomly done with respect to menstrual cycle, Shively (1998); Dom < Sub early follicular phase, Shively et al. (1995) | |
| Prolactin R to haloperidol; CSF HVA | Dom > Sub, Shively (1998); Kaplan et al. (2002) | |
| Tryptophan hydroxylase raphe nucleus | Dom > Sub OVX, Shively et al. (2003) | |
| 5-HT1A receptor BP limbic system | Dom = Sub: social status not correlated with 5-HT1A BP, Shively et al. (2006) | Nondepressed > Depressed, Shively et al. (2006) |
| D2 receptor BP striatum | Dom > Sub, Grant et al. (1998) | Nondepressed = Depressed, Shively et al. (unpublished data) |
| Variables | Social Status | Depression |
|---|---|---|
| Bippocampal volume | Dom = Sub, Willard et al. (unpublished data) but only a few cases available to compare | Nondepressed > Depressed, Willard et al. (2009); in OVX Willard et al. (2011) |
| Aggression sent | Dom > Sub, Shively (1998) | Nondepressed > Depressed, Shively et al. (2005) |
| Aggression received | Dom < Sub, Shively (1998) | Nondepressed = Depressed, Shively et al. (2005) |
| Submissions sent | Dom < Sub, Shively et al. (1997, 1998) | Nondepressed = Depressed, Shively et al. (2005) |
| Submission received | Dom > Sub, Shively et al. (1997, 1998) | Nondepressed = Depressed, Shively et al. (2005) |
| Vigilant scanning | Dom < Sub, Shively et al. (1997, 1998) | Nondepressed < Depressed, Shively et al. (1997); Nondepressed = Depressed, Shively et al. (2005) |
| % time being groomed | Dom > Sub, Shively et al. (1997, 1998) | Nondepressed = Depressed, Shively et al. (2005) |
| % time in body contact | Dom < Sub, Shively (1998); Dom=Sub, Shively et al. (1997) | Nondepressed < Depressed, Shively et al. (2005) |
| % time alone | Dom < Sub, Shively et al. (1997) | Nondepressed > Depressed, Shively et al. (2005) |
| Activity level | Dom = Sub, Shively (1998) | Nondepressed > Depressed, Shively et al. (2005); activity inversely correlated with depression, Shively et al. (2008) |
| % time depressed posture | Sub > Dom, particularly Sub with a history of social subordination, Shively et al. (1997); social status inversely correlated with depression, Shively et al. (2006) | X |
| Lipids (mg/dl) | HDL-C Dom > Sub, Hamm et al. (1983) | Nondepressed differ from Depressed in TPC, HDL-C and fatty acids, Shively et al. (2005); Chilton et al. (2011) |
| Coronary artery atherosclerosis | Dom < Sub, 2-fold difference, Kaplan et al. (2002, 2009) | Nondepressed < Depressed, 4-fold difference, Shively et al. (2008) |
| Mortality | Dom < Sub, Blomquist et al. (2011) | Nondepressed < Depressed: depression was inversely correlated with mortality, Shively et al. (2005) |
Note: Data are mean differences between groups of intact adult female cynomolgus monkeys unless otherwise noted. Empty cells indicate no reports available. Gray boxes highlight characteristics that appear to differ between stressed monkeys and depressed monkeys. Dom: dominant animals; Sub: subordinate animals; R: response; Dex: dexamethasone; ACTH: adrenocorticotropin hormone; CRH: corticotrophin-releasing hormone; P4: progesterone; ovx: ovariectomized; CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; HVA: homovanillic acid; 5-HT1A: Serotonin 1A receptor; BP: binding potential; D2: dopamine receptor D2; TPC: total plasma cholesterol; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Sources: Chilton et al., 2011; Grant et al., 1998; Hamm et al., 1983; Kaplan et al., 2002; Kaplan et al., 2009; Morgan et al., 2000; Riddick et al., 2009; Shively and Clarkson, 1994; Shively et al., 1995; Shively et al., 2003; Shively et al., 2006; Willard et al., 2009; Willard et al., 2011.