Table 3. Tissue-specific molecular pathways perturbed by environmental risk factors revealed from genome-wide transcriptomic analysis (not including candidate gene approaches).

Tissue	High fat diet	High sucrose diet	Physical activity	Obesogens
Liver	Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, beta oxidation, fatty acid synthesis and oxidation, cholesterol biosynthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, insulin signaling, lipid metabolism, adipogenesis, PPAR signaling [46-50]	Lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, steroid metabolism, transcription, cell cycle, apoptosis, signal transduction, redox control, immune response [31]	Lipid metabolism, lipogenesis, defense response, stress response, detoxification, protein turnover, intracellular signaling, immunity, cellular architecture [51-53]
Adipose	Inflammatory response, response to external stimulus, immune system, lipid metabolism, fatty acid synthesis and transport, PPAR signaling, leukocyte activation, Toll-like receptor signaling, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, mitochondrial biogenesis [32,49,54]		Metabolic process, lipid metabolism, inflammation, immune response, stress response, mitochondrial transport [52,55]	PPAR signaling, fatty acid metabolism, response to superoxide, glucose metabolism, response to hormone stimulus, response to glucocorticoid stimulus, pyruvate metabolism, fat differentiation, adipokine signaling [40]
Muscle	Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, beta oxidation, fatty acid synthesis, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial biogenesis [46,56,57]		Lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, energy homeostasis, defense, inflammation, mitochondrion, oxidative phosphorylation, sarcoplasm, laminin complex, cytoskeleton, skeletal muscle plasticity, muscle cell proliferation and differentiation, calcium signaling, growth factors, cytokine signaling, ubiquitin proteasome [52,58-61]
Gastrointestinal tract	Immunity, lipid and fatty acid metabolism, signal transduction, olfaction [62,63]
Hypothalamus	Transcription, neuropeptide signaling, cell adhesion [64]