Table 1.
General characteristics of the sample according to the groups
| Severe sepsis | Septic shock | ||||
| Lactate <4mmol/L (N=1.018) | Lactate >4mmol/L (N=162) | Lactate <4mmol/L (N=549) | Lactate >4mmol/L (N=219) | p value | |
| Severe sepsis | Cryptic shock | Vasoplegic shock | Dysoxic shock | ||
| Age (years) | 60±22b | 60±21d | 66±18 | 63±18 | <0.001 |
| Males | 458 (45) | 81 (50) | 267 (49) | 109 (50) | 0.321 |
| APACHE II | 15±6a,b,c | 17±7d,e | 20±8f | 24±8 | <0.001 |
| SOFA | 3 [2-5]b,c | 4[2-6]d,e | 9 [7-10]f | 10 [8-13] | <0.001 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.78 [1.2-2.5] | 5.25 [4.5-6.6] | 2.0 [1.3-2.7] | 6.10 [4.8-8.8] | <0.001 |
| Place of sepsis diagnosis | <0.001 | ||||
| Emergency room | 500 (49)b | 95 (59)d | 201 (37) | 110 (50) | <0.001 |
| Ward | 390 (38)b | 46 (28) | 167 (30) | 72 (33) | 0.004 |
| ICU | 128 (13)b | 21 (13) | 181 (33) | 37 (17) | <0.001 |
| Site of infection | 0.001 | ||||
| Pneumonia | 350 (34)b | 55 (34) | 149 (27) | 60 (27) | 0.012 |
| Urinary tract | 165 (16)c | 32 (20) | 99 (18) | 54 (25) | 0.027 |
| Abdominal | 147 (14) | 28 (17) | 94 (17) | 34 (16) | 0.501 |
| Catheter-related | 63 (6) | 10 (6) | 48 (9) | 23 (11) | 0.070 |
| Surgical wound | 51 (5) | 14 (9) | 43 (8) | 15 (7) | 0.084 |
| Meningitis | 58 (6) | 7 (4) | 16 (3) | 11 (5) | 0.100 |
| Bone | 25 (3) | 1 (1) | 9 (2) | 3 (1) | 0.317 |
| Endocarditis | - | 1 (1) | 2 (1) | 1 (1) | 0.188 |
| Others | 159 (16)a,c | 14 (9)d | 89 (17)e | 18 (9) | 0.004 |
| Clinical presentation at diagnosis | |||||
| Fever | 359 (35)c | 47 (29) | 152 (28) | 46 (21) | <0.001 |
| Hypothermia | 165 (16)c | 29 (18) | 102 (19) | 60 (27) | 0.002 |
| Tachycardia | 780 (77)a | 143 (88)d,e | 416 (76) | 172 (79) | 0.006 |
| Tachypnea | 562 (55) | 100 (62) | 290 (53) | 131 (60) | 0.121 |
| Leukopenia | 51 (5)c | 8 (5)e | 31 (6)f | 25 (11) | 0.003 |
| Leukocytosis | 490 (48) | 80 (49) | 284 (52) | 101 (46) | 0.444 |
| Hyperglycemia | 156 (15)b | 34 (21) | 138 (25) | 49 (22) | <0.001 |
| Decreased level of consciousness | 316 (31)b | 62 (38) | 224 (41) | 89 (41) | <0.001 |
| Arterial hypotension | 496 (49)b,c | 61 (38)d,e | 549 (100) | 219 (100) | 0.001 |
| Treatment received at diagnosis | |||||
| Collection of blood culture | 870 (86)c | 141 (87) | 445 (81) | 177 (81) | 0.050 |
| Antibiotics | 903 (89) | 141 (87) | 475 (87) | 193 (88) | 0.632 |
| Time to first antibiotic dose (hours) | 0.6 [0.2-1.6] | 0.5 [0.1-1.8] | 0.7 [0.2-2.3] | 0.5 [0.0-2.3] | 0.234 |
| Adequate volume expansion and vasopressor if necessary | 1.010 (99)c | 156 (96) | 512 (93) | 214 (98) | <0.001 |
| Outcomes | |||||
| Hospital mortality | 16.8 (14.4-19.1) | 35.2 (28.4-43.2) | 48.1 (43.7-52.1) | 60.3 (53.9-67.1) | <0.001 |
| Length of stay (days) | |||||
| ICU | 3 [1-7]d,e | 4 [2-9]d | 7 [3-15]f | 4 [1-11] | <0.001 |
| Non-survivors | 8 [3-16]c | 6 [2-17]e | 8 [3-16]f | 2 [1-8] | <0.001 |
| Survivors | 3 [1-5]b,c | 3 [1-7]d,e | 7 [4-15] | 8 [4-13] | <0.001 |
| Hospital | 10 [6-17]b,c | 9 [5-18]d | 14 [7-28]f | 8 [1-18] | <0.001 |
| Non-survivors | 12 [6-23]b,c | 9 [3-22]e | 9 [3-19]f | 2 [1-9] | <0.001 |
| Survivors | 10 [6-17]b,c | 10 [7-17]d>,e | 19 [11-33] | 17 [11-27] | <0.001 |
APACHE - Acute Physiologic Chronic Health Evaluation; SOFA - Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; ICU - intensive care unit. Results expressed as number (%), mean±standard deviation or median (25%-75%).
* Results s expressed in % (confidence interval 95%).
a
Severe sepsis versus cryptic shock;
b
severe sepsis versus vasoplegic shock;
c
severe sepsis versus dysoxic shock;
d
cryptic shock versus vasoplegic shock;
e
cryptic shock versus dysoxic shock;
f
vasoplegic shock versus dysoxic shock.