Table 1.
Effects of engineered metal nanoparticles on plants
| Nanoparticle | Size (nm) | Plant | Concentration | Effect | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aluminium |
|
Corn, cucumber, lettuce, radish, rapeseed |
2,000 mg L-1 |
No effect on germination |
[44] |
| 1 to 100 |
Red kidney beans, ryegrass |
10, 100, 1,000 and 10,000 mg L-1 |
No toxicity |
[45] |
|
| |
Radish, rapeseed |
2,000 mg L-1 |
Improved root growth |
[44] |
|
| |
Ryegrass |
2,000 mg L-1 |
Decreased root length |
[44] |
|
| |
Ryegrass |
2,000 mg L-1 |
Reduced germination |
[44] |
|
| |
Corn, lettuce |
2,000 mg L-1 |
Reduced root length |
[44] |
|
| Copper |
|
Lettuce |
0.013% (w/w) |
No effect on germination, improved shoot/root ratio |
[13] |
| |
Mung bean |
<200 mg L-1 |
Reduced seedling growth |
[30] |
|
| |
Mung bean |
800 mg L-1 |
Reduced shoot growth |
[30] |
|
| |
Wheat |
<200 mg L-1 |
Reduced root and seedling growth |
[30] |
|
| 50 |
Zucchini |
1,000 mg L-1 |
Reduced biomass |
[46] |
|
| 50 |
Zucchini |
1,000 mg L-1 |
Reduced root growth |
[46] |
|
| Dodecanethiol-functionalized gold |
|
Lettuce |
0.013% (w/w) |
No effect on germination, improved shoot/root ratio |
[13] |
| Gold |
10 |
Cucumber, lettuce |
62, 100 and 116 mg L-1 |
Positive effect on germination index |
[47] |
| Iron |
|
Flax, meadow fescue, red clover, white clover |
100, 250 and 500 mg L-1 |
No effect on germination |
[48] |
| |
Barley, ryegrass |
100 and 250 mg L-1 |
No effect on germination |
[48] |
|
| |
Barley, flax, ryegrass |
2,000 and 5,000 mg L-1 |
Completely inhibited germination |
[48] |
|
| |
Barley |
300 mg L-1 |
Reduced germination |
[48] |
|
| |
Flax, barley, ryegrass |
>1,500 mg L-1 |
No germination |
[48] |
|
| Mixture of gold/copper |
|
Lettuce |
0.013% (w/w) |
No effect on germination, improved shoot/root ratio |
[13] |
| Palladium entrapped in Al(OH)2 matrix |
|
Lettuce |
0.013% to 0.066% (w/w) |
No effect on germination, improved shoot/root ratio |
[13] |
| Silicon |
10 |
Zucchini |
1,000 mg L-1 |
Completely inhibited germination |
[46] |
| Silver |
20 |
Flax |
20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg L-1 |
No effect on germination |
[48] |
| 2 |
Cucumber, lettuce |
62, 100 and 116 mg L-1 |
Low to zero toxicity |
[47] |
|
| 20.6 ± 3.1 |
Clover |
0.01 mg kg-1 |
Reduced aboveground biomass |
[49] |
|
| 0.1 mg kg-1 |
No effect on biomass |
[49] |
|||
| 1 mg kg-1 |
No effect on biomass |
[49] |
|||
| 10 |
Wheat |
0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 5.0 mg kg-1 |
Reduced shoot and root length |
[50] |
|
| 5 |
Barley |
10 mg L-1 |
Reduced germination |
[48] |
|
| |
Flax, barley |
10 mg L-1 |
Reduced shoot length |
[48] |
|
| 20 |
Barley |
10 mg L-1 |
Reduced germination |
[48] |
|
| |
Barley |
10 mg L-1 |
Reduced shoot length |
[48] |
|
| |
Barley, ryegrass |
20 mg L-1 |
Reduced shoot length |
[48] |
|
| 100 |
Zucchini |
100, 500 and 1,000 mg L-1 |
Reduced transpiration |
[46] |
|
| 100 |
Zucchini |
500 and 1,000 mg L-1 |
Reduced biomass |
[46] |
|
| <100 |
Onion |
100 mg L-1 |
Decreased mitosis, disturbed metaphase, sticky chromosome, cell wall disintegration and breaks |
[51] |
|
| Silver colloidal form |
0.6 to 2 |
Ryegrass |
10 mg L-1 |
Reduced germination |
[48] |
| |
Ryegrass |
20 mg L-1 |
Reduced germination |
[48] |
|
| |
Flax, ryegrass |
10 mg L-1 |
Reduced shoot length |
[48] |
|
| |
Barley, flax, ryegrass |
20 mg L-1 |
Reduced shoot length |
[48] |
|
| Zinc | Corn, cucumber, lettuce, radish, rapeseed, ryegrass | 2,000 mg L-1 | Reduced root growth and elongation | [44] |