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. 2014 May 22;11:E86. doi: 10.5888/pcd11.130234

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Differences in subjective sleep quality as a function of khat and tobacco use status. Sleep quality measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) (20). In Figure 2a, values are the mean, and the I-beam lines in each bar indicate standard error of the mean. In Figure 2b, entries show percentages of participants classified as poor sleepers as determined by global PSQI scores greater than 5. Abbreviation: PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.

Characteristic Nonusers Khat-Only Users Concurrent Users of Khat and Tobacco

Global PSQI score, mean (standard error of the mean) 3.38 (0.33) 5.99 (0.29) 6.45 (0.27)

Poor sleepers, % 25.0 54.6 57.0

P < .001 for difference between nonusers and khat-only users. P < .001 for difference between nonusers and concurrent users of khat and tobacco. P < .63 for difference between khat-only users and concurrent users of khat and tobacco.

Differences in subjective sleep quality as a function of khat and tobacco use status. Sleep quality measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) (20). In Figure 2a, values are the mean, and the I-beam lines in each bar indicate standard error of the mean. In Figure 2b, entries show percentages of participants classified as poor sleepers as determined by global PSQI scores greater than 5. Abbreviation: PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.

Characteristic Nonusers Khat-Only Users Concurrent Users of Khat and Tobacco

Global PSQI score, mean (standard error of the mean) 3.38 (0.33) 5.99 (0.29) 6.45 (0.27)

Poor sleepers, % 25.0 54.6 57.0

P < .001 for difference between nonusers and khat-only users. P < .001 for difference between nonusers and concurrent users of khat and tobacco. P < .63 for difference between khat-only users and concurrent users of khat and tobacco.