Table 1.
Predicting Student ODRs from School and Student Demographics and Implementation Quality of PBIS Program Components
| Aggression | Defiance | Substance Use | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Fixed Effects | Coef. | SE | Coef. | SE | Coef. | SE |
| Intercept | −1.28 | 1.26 | −8.45* | 3.4 | −0.01 | 0.05 |
| SCHOOL-LEVEL | ||||||
| School Demographics | ||||||
| Pct free/reduced lunch | 0.11 | 0.49 | 0.66 | 0.92 | <.01 | 0.01 |
| School Level (Primary/ Secondary) |
1.39*** | 0.30 | 4.38*** | 0.67 | .04*** | 0.01 |
| School Size | <−.01*** | <.01 | <.01 | <.01 | <.01 | <.01 |
|
Implementation Quality of
Program Components |
||||||
| Expectations Defined | 2.21* | 1.02 | 12.47*** | 2.19 | 0.05 | 0.04 |
| Expectations Taught | 2.08* | 1.03 | −9.24*** | 2.34 | −0.05 | 0.04 |
| Reward System | −2.74** | 0.94 | −6.61** | 2.25 | −.07* | 0.03 |
| Violation System | −4.17*** | 0.89 | −7.77*** | 2.03 | ||
| Monitoring and Decision-Making | 9.67** | 3.48 | ||||
| Management | 5.39*** | 1.34 | 9.68** | 3.08 | 0.07 | 0.04 |
| Budget Support | 1.75** | 0.6 | 0.02 | 0.01 | ||
| District/ State Liaison | 0.32 | 0.30 | −0.24 | 0.53 | ||
| STUDENT-LEVEL | ||||||
| Student Demographics | ||||||
| Gender | 0.91** | 0.29 | 0.55 | 1.02 | 0.11*** | 0.01 |
| Gender * Percent FRL | −1.10** | 0.37 | ||||
| Gender * School Level | −0.40*** | 0.09 | ||||
| Gender * School Size | <.01* | <.01 | <.01*** | <.01 | ||
| IEP Status | 1.58 | 0.85 | 8.52*** | 2.3 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
| IEP Status * Percent FRL | 0.49 | 0.31 | ||||
| IEP Status * School Level | −1.16*** | 0.18 | −1.66*** | 0.42 | ||
| IEP Status * School Size | <.01*** | <.01 | <.01** | <.01 | ||
|
Implementation Quality by
Student Demographics |
||||||
| Gender * Expectations Defined | 1.31* | 0.53 | ||||
| Gender * Expectations Taught | −0.05** | 0.02 | ||||
| Gender * Reward System | 0.39 | 0.25 | −0.94 | 0.52 | −0.02 | 0.01 |
| Gender * Violation System | ||||||
| Gender * Monitoring | 1.76 | 1.03 | ||||
| Gender * Management | 0.56 | 0.31 | −0.05* | 0.02 | ||
| Gender * Budget Support | ||||||
| Gender * District/ State Liaison | −0.27** | 0.10 | −0.36 | 0.23 | ||
| IEP Status * Expectations Defined |
−2.53*** | 0.66 | −10.48*** | 1.31 | −0.06 | 0.03 |
| IEP Status * Expectations Taught | −1.81** | 0.62 | 8.28*** | 1.49 | 0.07* | 0.03 |
| IEP Status * Reward System | 2.46*** | 0.60 | 5.15*** | 1.48 | ||
| IEP Status * Violation System | 3.75*** | 0.59 | 5.47*** | 1.43 | ||
| IEP Status * Monitoring | −9.02*** | 2.43 | ||||
| IEP Status * Management | −3.87*** | 0.86 | −7.15*** | 2.11 | ||
| IEP Status * Budget Support | −1.27** | 0.41 | −0.03* | 0.01 | ||
| IEP Status * District/ State Liaison |
−0.47* | 0.19 | ||||
| Random Effects | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Between School | ||||||
| Intercept | 1.57 | 7.54 | <.01 | |||
| Residual Error | 8.36 | 47.10 | .04 | |||
*
Note. p<.05;
**
p<.01;
***
p<.001