Table 2.
Solvent systems in CCC for terpenoids separations
| Classes of compounds | Purified compounds | References | Type of apparatus/solvent system |
|---|---|---|---|
| Monoterpenoids |
Paeoniflorin Albiflorin |
Huang et al. (2013) | CCC/ethyl acetate–n-butanol–water (3:2.5:5) |
|
Rosiridin Geranyl 1-O-α-l-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-d-glucopyranoside |
Mudge et al. (2013) | CCC/ethyl acetate–butanol–water (3:2:5) | |
| (S)-3,7-Dimethyl-5-octene-1,7-diol | Knapp et al. (1998) | CCC/chloroform–methanol–water (7:13:8) | |
|
Thymol Carvacrol |
Puertas Mejia et al. (2002) | CCC/n-hexane–tert-butylmethyl ether–acetonitrile (1:0.1:1) | |
| Eugenol | Geng et al. (2007) | CCC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (1:0.5:1:0.5) | |
|
Chavibetol Methyleugenol |
dos Santos et al. (2009) | CCC/n-hexane–n-butanol–methanol–water (12:4:4:3) | |
| α-Cyperone | Shi et al. (2009) | CCC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (1:0.2:1.1:0.2) | |
| 1,8-Cineole | Dang et al. (2010) | CPC/petroleum ether–acetonitrile–acetone (4:3:1) | |
| Paeoniflorin | Chen et al. (2004) | CCC/n-butanol–ethyl acetate–water (1:4:5) | |
|
Cuminaldehyde p-Menta-1,4-dien-7-al |
Chen et al. (2011) | CCC/n-hexane–methanol–water (5:4:1) | |
|
Linalol Terpinen-4-ol α-Terpineol |
Skalicka-Woźniak et al. (2013) | CCC/heptane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (5:2:5:2) | |
|
Anethole Foeniculin |
Skalicka-Woźniak et al. (2013) | CCC/heptane–methanol (1:1) | |
| Sesquiterpenoids |
Parthenolide 11,13-Dihydroparthenolide Anhydroverlotorin 3β-Hydroxycostunolide Costunolide diepoxide 3-Hydroxyparthenolide Artemorin Santamarine Reynosin Artecanin Tanaparthin-β-peroxide |
Fischedick et al. (2012) | CPC/heptane-ethyl acetate–methanol–water (1:1:1:1) |
| Artemisinin | Acton et al. (1986) | CCC/iso-octane-ethyl acetate–methanol–water (7:3:6:4) | |
|
Costunolide Dehydrocostuslactone |
Li et al. (2005) | CCC/light petroleum–methanol–water (5:6.5:3.5) | |
| Lactucopicrin | Wu et al. (2007) | CCC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (1.5:5:2.75:5) | |
|
11β,13-Dihydrolactucin Lactucin |
Wu et al. (2007) | CCC/ethyl acetate–methanol–water (20:1:20) | |
|
Peroxyferolide Lipiferolide |
Graziose et al. (2011) | CPC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (2:1:2:1) | |
|
14-(3-Methylpentanoyl)-6-deoxybritannilactone 14-(3-Methylbutanoyl)-6-deoxybritannilactone 14-(2-Methylpropanoyl)-6-deoxybritannilactone 1,3-Epi-granilin 11,13-Dihydro-inuchinenolide B Pulchellin C 6-Deacetylbritanin 4H-Tomentosin Gaillardin Britannin |
Fischedick et al. (2013a) | CPC/heptane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (4:6:4:6) | |
|
3β-Hydroxy-8β-[4′-hydroxytigloyloxy]-costunolide Eupalinolide A Eupalinolide B |
Yan et al. (2012) | CCC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (1:4:2:3) | |
|
Xanthathin 4-Epi-xanthanol 4-Epi-isoxanthanol |
Pinel et al. (2007) | CPC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (1:1:1:1) | |
| β-Caryophyllene | Xie et al. (2008) | CCC/n-hexane–dichloromethane–acetonitrile (10:3:7) | |
| Rupestonic acid | Ma et al. (2005) | CCC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (6:4:3.5:6.5) with 0.5 % acetic acid in stationary-phase | |
| Rupestonic acid | Yang et al. (2010) | CCC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (3:5:3:5) | |
|
Germacrone Curdione |
Yan et al. (2005) | CCC/light petroleum ether–ethanol–diethyl ether–water (5:4:0.5:1) | |
|
Atractylon Atractylenolide III |
Zhao and He (2006) | CCC/light petroleum–ethyl acetate–ethanol–water (4:1:4:1) | |
| Nootkatone | Xie et al. (2009) | CCC/n-hexane–methanol–water (5:4:1) | |
|
Caryophyllene oxide β-Farnesene Caryophyllene |
Wei et al. (2012) | CCC/n-hexane–acetonitrile–ethanol (5:4:3) | |
| (S)-Dehydrovomifoliol | Yang et al. (2013) | CCC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (1:5:1:5) | |
|
Curdione Curcumol Germacrone Curzerene β-Elemene |
Dang et al. (2010) | CPC/light petroleum ether–acetonitrile–acetone (4:3:1) | |
| Patchoulol | Li et al. (2011) | CPC/light petroleum ether–acetonitrile (1:1) | |
|
Tussilagone 14-Acetoxy-7β-(3′-ethyl cis-crotonoyloxy)-lα-(2′-methyl butyryloxy)-notonipetranone 7aβ-(3′-Ethyl cis-crotonoyloxy)-lα-(2′-methyl butyryloxy)-3,14-dehydro-Z-notonipetranone |
Wang et al. (2011a) | CCC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (1:0.5:1.1:0.3) | |
| Blumenol C | Roscher and Winterhalter (1993) | CCC/chloroform–methanol–water (7:13:8) | |
| Solanesol | Hu et al. (2007) | CCC/n-hexane–methanol (10:7) | |
| Solanesol | Du et al. (2006) | CCC/light petroleum ether‐ethanol‐methanol (200:1:100) | |
| Kudtdiol | Rodrigues et al. (2009) | CCC/ethyl acetate–methanol–water (2:1.75:1) | |
|
8ß-Hydroxyeremophil-3,7(11)-dien-12,8α 15,6α-Diolide and 8β-methoxyeremophil-3,7(11)-dien-12,8α;15,6α-diolide |
Shi et al. (2008) | CCC/light petroleum–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (9:1:8:2) | |
| Diterpenoids | Ptaerobliquol | Agostinho et al. (2013) | CPC/heptane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water) (6:5:6:5) |
|
Coniferin Coniferaldehyde glucoside |
Slacanin et al. (1991) | CPC/chloroform–methanol–water (7:13:8) | |
| Salvinorin A | Shirota et al. (2007) | CPC/n-hexane–dichloromethane–methanol–water (8:8:9:2) | |
|
Andrographolide Neoandrographolide |
Du et al. (2003a) | CCC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (1:4:2.5:2.5) | |
| Phytol | Xiao et al. (2013) | CCC/n-hexane–acetonitrile–methanol (5:5:3) | |
| Carnosol | Fischer et al. (1991) | CCC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (70:30:14:8) | |
|
15,16-Epoxy-12-hydroxy-8(17),13(16),14-labdatrien-19-oic acid Imbricatolic acid Isocupressic acid Sandaracopimaric acid Isopimaric acid |
Martin et al. (2006) | CPC/chloroform–methanol–isopropanol–water (5:6:1:4) | |
|
Kaurenoic acids Polyalthic acid |
De Souza et al. (2010) | CCC/n-hexane–acetonitrile–ethyl acetate (1:1:0.4) | |
|
Pseudolaric acid B O-β-d-glucopyranoside Pseudolaric acid C Deacetylpseudolaric acid A Pseudolaric acid A O-β-d-glucopyranoside Pseudolaric acid B Pseudolaric acid B methyl ester Pseudolaric acid A Pseudolaric acid H |
He et al. (2012) | CCC/stepwise gradient: n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (1:1:1:1) and (3:2:2:3) and (3.5:1:1:3.5) | |
| Oridonin | Lu et al. (2006) | CCC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (1:2:1:2) | |
| Oridonin | He et al. (2011) | CCC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (2.8:5:2.8:5) | |
|
Oridonin Ponicidin |
Lu et al. (2007) | 2D-CCC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (1:5:1:5) in 1st direction and (3:5:3:5) in 2nd direction | |
|
Isoneotriptophenolide Hypolide Triptonide Triptophenolide Triptonoterpene methyl ether VI |
Peng et al. (2008a) | CCC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (3:2:3:2) | |
|
Pseudolaric acids A and B And their glucosides (O-β-d-glucopyranosides) |
Han et al. (2009) | CCC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (5:5:5:5) for purification of aglicones and (1:9:4:6) for glycosides | |
|
6β-Angeloyloxykolavenic acid 6β-Tigloyloxykolavenic acid |
Wu et al. (2008) | CCC/n-hexane–ethanol–water (6:5:1) | |
| Pseudolaric acid B | Han et al. (2008) | CCC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (5:5:5:5) | |
| lolitrem B | Grancher et al. (2004) | CPC/heptane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (33:33:24:10) | |
|
Carnosic acid Carnosol Carnosaldehyde Epirosmanol Rosmanol 12-Methoxy-carnosic acid Sageone |
Fischedick et al. (2013b) | CPC/heptane–acetone–water (3:5:2) | |
|
Stevioside Rebaudioside A Rebaudioside C |
Huang et al. (2010) | CCC/n-hexane–n-butanol–water (1.5:3.5:5) | |
|
Ginkgolides A Ginkgolides B Ginkgolides C Bilobalide |
Liu et al. (2013b) | CCC/stepwise gradient: n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (4:5:1:5) and (4:5:2:5) | |
|
Cryptotanshinone Tanshinone I Tanshinone IIA |
Gu et al. (2004, 2006) | CCC/stepwise gradient: n-hexane–ethanol–water (10:5.5:4.5) and (10:7:3) | |
|
Cryptotanshinone Tanshinone I 1,2-Dihydrotanshinquinone Tanshinone IIA |
Liang et al. (2013) | CCC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (5:5:7:3) | |
|
Tanshinone I Tanshinone IIA |
Wu et al. (2010) | CCC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–ethanol–water (8:2:7:3) | |
|
Cryptotanshinone Tanshinone I Tanshinone IIA |
Tian et al. (2000) | CCC/n-hexane–ethanol–water (4:2:2) | |
|
Dihydrotanshinone Cryptotanshinone Methylenetanshiquinone Tanshinone I Tanshinone II Danshenxinkun B |
Li and Chen (2001b) | CCC/stepwise gradient: n-hexane–ethanol–water (10:5.5:4.5) and (10:7:3) | |
|
Tanshinone I Tanshinone IIA Dihydrotanshinone I Cryptotanshinone |
Tian et al. (2002) | CCC/light petroleum–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (2:3:2.5:1.7) | |
| Przewaquinone A | Han et al. (2003) | CCC/carbon tetrachloride–methanol–water–n‐hexane (3:3:2:1) | |
| Triptolide | Ye et al. (2008b) | CCC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (4:5:4:5) | |
|
Dihydrotanshinone I 1,2,15,16-Tetrahydrotanshiquinone cryptotanshinone Tanshinone I Tanshinone IIA Neo-przewaquinone A Miltirone |
Sun et al. (2011) | CCC/light petroleum–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (6:4:6.5:3.5) | |
| Triterpenoids | 2β,3β,4β-Trihydroxypregnan-16-one | Rodrigues et al. (2009) | CCC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (1:2:1.75:1) |
| Squalene | Lu et al. (2003) | CCC/n-hexane–methanol (2:1) | |
|
Pristimerin Netzahualcoyene |
Gutiérrez et al. (2007) | CPC/heptane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (8:1:6:1) | |
| Guyanin | Severino et al. (2009) | CCC/n-hexane–ethanol–acetonitrile–water (10:8:1:1) | |
|
Barbinervic acid Rotungenic acid 24-Hydroxy ursolic acid Ursolic acid |
Fan and He (2006) | CCC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (3:6:4:2) | |
| Betulinic acid | Frighetto et al. (2005) | CCC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (10:5:2.5:1) | |
| Ursolic acid | Frighetto et al. (2008) | CCC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (10:5:2.5:1) | |
|
Bellericagenin B Bellericaside B Arjunglucoside I 28-Nor-17, 22-seco-2α, 3β, 19, 22, 23-pentahydroxy-Δ 12-Oleanane |
Nasser et al. (2006) | CCC/chloroform–methanol–water (43:37:20) | |
|
2α,3α,19β,23β-Tetrahydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid 2α,3α,23β-Trihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid |
Liu et al. (2011) | CCC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (10:5:3:1) | |
|
Oleanolic acid Ursolic acid |
Du et al. (1995) | CCC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (3:6:2:1) | |
| Shionone | Wang et al. (2012a) | CCC/n-hexane–methanol (2:1) | |
|
Taraxasterol acetate Lupeol acetate β-Amyrin acetate |
Abbott et al. (1989) | CCC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–acetonitrile (5:2:4:5) | |
|
Cycloartenyl ferulate 24-Methylene cycloartanyl ferulate |
Liu et al. (2013a) | CCC/n-hexane–acetonitrile (1:1) | |
| Abrusoside A, B, C, D | Fullas et al. (1990) | CCC/chloroform–methanol–water (7:13:8) | |
| No compound names given | Marston et al. (1988) | CCC/chloroform–methanol–water (7:13:8) | |
|
Inotodiol Trametenolic acid |
Du et al. (2011) | CCC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (1:0.4:1:0.4) | |
|
Ursolic acid Ursolic acid lactone |
Maurya and Srivastava (2011) | CPC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (1:2:1.5:1) with 2 % ammonia solution in lower aqueous mobile phase (pH 9.5) | |
|
Asiaticoside Madecassoside |
Diallo et al. (1991) | CCC/chloroform–n-butanol–methanol–water (7:3:6:4) | |
| Taraxeryl acetate | Yang et al. (1995) | CCC/chloroform–methanol–water (2:2:1) | |
|
Triterpenoic acid Acetyl-triterpenoic acid |
Ito et al. (1990) | CCC/n-hexane–ethanol–water (6:5:2) | |
| Celastrol | Wu et al. (2004) | CCC/light petroleum–ethyl acetate–tetrachloromethane–methanol–water (1:1:8:6:1) | |
|
Asiatic acid Madecassic acid Asciaticoside Madecassoside |
Du et al. (2004) | CCC/n‐hexane–n‐butanol–0.05 M NaOH (5:1:6) | |
|
Euscaphic acid Tormentic acid 2α-Acetyl tormentic acid 3β-Acetyl tormentic acid |
Rocha et al. (2007) | CCC/gradient: n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (1:2:1.25:2) and (1:2:1.5:2) and (1:2:1.75:2) | |
|
Alisol B Alisol B 23-acetate |
Yoon et al. (2009) | CPC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (10:2:10:7) | |
|
Ganoderic acids A, B, C6, D, E, F, G Ganoderenic acid D |
Cheng et al. (2012) |
CCC/stepwise gradient: light petroleum ether–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (3:5:3:5) and (4:5:4:5) chloroform–methanol–water (13:7:4) + ammonia (22 mM) in aqueous phase and TFA (11 mM) in organic phase for further purification |
|
|
Dehydrosulphurenic acid 3-Ketodehydrosulphurenic |
Zhang et al. (2013a) | CCC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (1:1.5:1.2:1) | |
| 24-Methylene cycloartanol | Yao et al. (2007) | CCC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–acetonitrile (5:1:4) | |
| Lupenone | Yao et al. (2007) | CCC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–acetonitrile (5:2:5) | |
| Triterpenoid saponins (ginsenosides) | Rc, Rb1 and Re | Wang et al. (2010) | CPC/ethyl acetate–n-butanol–water (1:1:2) |
| Rg3, Rk1, Rg5 and F4 | Ha et al. (2007) | CCC/methylene chloride–methanol–water–isopropanol (6:6:4:1) | |
| Rf, Rd, Re and Rb1 | Qi et al. (2010) | CCC/methylene chloride–methanol–5 mM aqueous ammonium acetate–isopropanol (6:2:4:3) | |
| Re | Engelberth et al. (2010) | CPC/heptane–n-butanol–water (3:4:7) | |
| Rg1, Re, Rf, Rh1, Rb1, Rc, Rb2 and Rd | Shehzad et al. (2011) | CCC/chloroform–methanol–water–isopropanol (4:3:2:1) | |
| Re,Rb1, Rc and Rb2 | Cheng et al. (2011) | CCC/methylene chloride–methanol–water–isopropanol (6:2:4:3, v/v) further purification of Rb1, Rc and Rb2 in n-hexane–n-butanol–0.1 % formic acid (0.7:3:4) | |
| Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rg1, Rf and Rh 1 | Shehzad et al. (2012) | CCC/stepwise gradient: n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (5:6:1:4) and (4:3:1:2) and (3:3:1:2) | |
| Re and Rg1 | Chen et al. (2012) | CCC/ethyl acetate–n-butanol–water (4:1:6) | |
| Rh1, Rf, Rd, Rg1, Re, Rc, Rb2 and Rb1 | Shehzad et al. (2013) | CCC/methylene chloride–methanol–water–isopropanol (1:1:2:1) | |
| Rg6, Rg5, Rk1,F4, Rg3, Rg2, Rf, Rd, Rg1, Re, Rc, Rb2, Rb1 | Shehzad et al. (2013) | CCC/stepwise gradient: methylene chloride–methanol–water–isopropanol (5:4:1:3) and (2:2:1:2) | |
| Rb1 and Rb2 | Wang et al. (2013) | CPC/ethyl acetate–n–butanol–water (0.8:1.2:2) | |
|
Rg, Rd, Re and Rb Notoginsenoside R |
Cao et al. (2003) | CCC/chloroform–2-butanol–methanol–water (5:1:6:4) | |
|
Rg, Rd, Re and Rb Notoginsenoside R |
Cao et al. (2003) | CCC/ethyl acetate–n–butanol–water (1:1:2) | |
|
Rg, Re and Rb Notoginsenoside R |
Du et al. (2003b) | CCC/n-hexane–n-butanol–water (3:4:7) | |
| Ro | Cheng et al. (2010) | CCC/ethyl acetate–isopropanol–0.1 % formic acid (3:1:5) | |
|
Rg1, Re and Rb1 Notoginsenoside R1 |
Wang et al. (2011b) | CPC/ethyl acetate–n-butanol–water (1:1:2) | |
| Triterpenoid saponins |
Lucyoside Q Lucyoside H |
Du and Gao (2006) | CCC/chloroform‐methanol‐water (13:7:8) |
|
Astragaloside I Astragaloside II |
Han et al. (2007) | CCC/stepwise gradient: ethyl acetate–2-propanol–water (5:1:5) and (50:1:50) | |
|
Lancemaside A Foetidissimoside A Astersaponin Hb |
Shirota et al. (2008) | CPC/n-hexane–n-butanol–methanol–0.1 % aqueous formic acid (3:4:1:6) | |
|
Saikosaponins-A Saikosaponins-C |
Yoon and Kim (2009) | CPC/ethyl acetate–n-butanol–methanol–water (15:1:3:1) | |
|
Platycoside E Deapio-platycoside E |
Han et al. (2009) | CCC/n-hexane–n-butanol–water (1:40:20) | |
|
Platycodin D3 Deapio-platycodin D3 Platycodin D Deapio-platycodin D |
Han et al. (2009) | CCC/n-hexane–n-butanol–water (1:10:5) | |
|
2″-O-Acetylplatycodin D 3″-O-Acetylpolygalacin D 2″-O-Acetylpolygalacin 3″-O-Acetylplatycodin D Polygalacin D |
Ha et al. (2011) | CCC/chloroform–methanol–isopropanol–water (3:2:2:3) | |
| No compound names given | Shi et al. (2007) | CCC/ethyl acetate–n-butanol–ethanol–0.05 % TFA (5:10:2:20) | |
|
Astragaloside IV Astragaloside II Astragaloside I Acetylastragaloside I |
Peng et al. (2008b) | CCC/stepwise gradient: n-hexane–ethyl acetate–ethanol–water (1:0.6:0.6:1) and (1:1:1:1) | |
|
Gypsogenin derivatives Dianoside C |
Yao et al. (2008) | CCC/n-hexane–n-butanol–methanol–0.02 % TFA (1:9:1:9) | |
|
Hederagenin 3-O-[β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-l-arabinopyranosyl]-hederagenin |
Xin et al. (2009) | CCC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (7:3:5:5) | |
|
23-O-Acetylshengmanol-3O-d-xylopyranoside Cimiracemoside D 25-O-acetylcimigenol-3-O-d-Xylopyranoside Cimigenol |
Cicek et al. (2010) | CCC/n‐hexane–acetone–ethyl acetate–isopropanol–ethanol–water (3.5:1:2:1:0.5:2) | |
| Esculentosides A, B, C, and D | Ma et al. (2010) | CCC/chloroform–methanol–water (4:4:2) | |
| Hederagenin | CCC/heptane–acetone–methanol (5:1:4) | ||
| Hederagenin | He et al. (2002) | CPC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (7:8:5:3) | |
| Elatoside F | Lee et al. (2009) | CCC/chloroform–methanol–water–isopropanol (4:3:3:1) | |
| Tormentic acid | Wang et al. (2012b) | CCC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (4:5:4:5) | |
|
Arganine A, C, D Tieghemelin |
Gosse et al. (2002) | CCC/tert-butylmethyl ether–n-butanol–acetonitrile–0.5 % TFA (1:3:3:5) | |
| Triacetyl soyasaponin Ab, Aa, Ab, Ae, Ba, Af, Bb, Be and conjugated groups, αg, βg and γg | Zhao et al. (2012) | CCC/n-butanol–acetic acid–water (5:0.05:5)-acid in n-butanol as stationary phase | |
|
Licorice-saponin A3 Glycyrrhizic acid, 3-O-[β-d-glucuronopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-Galactopyranosyl]glycyrrhetic acid |
Xu et al. (2013) |
CCC/ethyl acetate–n-butanol–water (2:3:5) with 10 mM TFA in the upper organic Stationary phase and 10 mM ammonia in the lower aqueous mobile phase |
|
| Glycyrrhizin | Jiang et al. (2004) | CCC/ethyl acetate–methanol–water (5:2:5) | |
|
Goyaglycoside-E Momordicoside L Goyaglycoside-a Momordicoside K |
Du and Yuan (2005) | CCC/tert-butylmethyl ether–n-butanol–methanol–water (1:2:1:5) or (1:3:1:5) | |
| Tetranortriterpenoids |
Azadirachtin A Azadirachtin B Azadirachtin H Desacetylnimbin Desacetylsalannin Nimbin Salannin |
Silva et al. (2007) | CCC/n-hexane–n-butanol–methanol–water (1:0.9:1:0.9) |
|
Methyl angolensate 7-Descetoxy-7-oxogedunin Deacetylgedunin 6α-Acetoxygedunin Gedunin Andirobin |
da Silva et al. (2009) | CCC/stepwise gradient: n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (2:1:1.5:1) and (2:1:1.75:1) | |
| Tetraterpenoids (Carotenoids) |
Cochloxanthin Dihydrocochloxanthin |
Diallo and Vanhaelen (1988) | CCC/tetrachloromethane–methanol–water (5:4:1) |
| Zeaxanthin | Chen et al. (2005) | CCC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–ethanol–water (8:2:7:3) | |
| Crocin | Jiang et al. (2011) | CCC/tert-butylmethyl ether–n-butanol–acetonitrile–water (2:2.5:1:5) | |
| Fucoxanthin | Kim et al. (2011) | CPC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–ethanol–water (5:5:7:3) | |
| Lutein | Wei et al. (2003) | CCC/n‐heptane–chloroform–acetonitrile (10:3:7) | |
|
Zeaxanthin Lutein |
Aman et al. (2005) | CCC/n-hexane–ethanol–water (6:5:1.3) | |
| Lutein | Tsao and Yang (2006) | CCC/n-hexane–ethanol–water (6:4.5:1.5) | |
| Canthaxanthin | Li et al. (2006) | CCC/n-hexane–ethanol–water (10:9:1) | |
| 9′-Cis-neoxanthin | Baldermann et al. (2007) | CCC/n-hexane–ethanol–water (5:5:4.5) | |
| Lycopene | Baldermann et al. (2008) | CCC/n-hexane–dichloromethane–acetonitrile (30:11:18) with 85 mg/L of 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisol and 2-tert-butyl-p-cresol | |
|
Crocins 1, 2, 5 Picrocrocin |
Lechtenberg et al. (2008) | CPC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–ethanol–water (1:3:4:7) | |
| Fucoxanthin | Xiao et al. (2012) | CCC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–ethanol–water (5:5:6:4) | |
| Lutein | Li et al. (2001) | CCC/n-hexane–ethanol–water (4:3:1) | |
| Lycopene | Wei et al. (2001) | CCC/n-hexane–dichloromethane–acetonitrile (10:3.5:6.5) | |
| Astaxanthin | Li and Chen (2001a) | CCC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–ethanol–water (5:5:6.5:3) | |
|
Tephrosin Deguelin 6a,12a-Dehydrodeguelin |
Ye et al. (2008a) | CCC/n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (1:0.8:1:0.6) |
CCC counter-current chromatography, CPC centrifugal partition chromatography